REVIEW QUESTIONS

List the Earth’s layers starting from the inside and going outward Inner Core, Outer Core, Mantle, Crust

What type of model is our model of the Interior of the Earth CONCEPTUAL MODEL models developed in the mind The interior of the Earth…we CANNOT DIRECTLY OBSERVE IT

Seismic Waves (Earthquake Waves) What did scientists study in order to gather evidence to build a model of the interior of the Earth? Seismic Waves (Earthquake Waves)

What process in the mantle drives the movement of the Earth’s crust? CONVECTION

Define the theory of plate tectonics. The Earth’s crust is broken into plates that move & interact with each other.

When two continental plates collide what happens? Explain. continent – continent Convergence Continents collide and fold up (crunch) to form mountains

Ocean – continent Convergence When an ocean plate converges with a continental plate what happens to the ocean plate? Ocean – continent Convergence Ocean plate is subducted below continent. Subduction: The movement when one plate (oceanic crust) dives below another plate

A volcanic mountain chain forms on land What features form on the Earth’s surface when an ocean plate converges with a continental plate? A volcanic mountain chain forms on land

They are mostly formed along plate boundaries How are earthquakes, volcanoes and mountains related in terms of location? They are mostly formed along plate boundaries

Where in the continental United States would you expect earthquakes and volcanic eruptions to occur? Why? West coast of the USA Transform Plate Boundary: California SAN ANDREAS FAULT Convergent Plate Boundary: Oregon & Washington CASCADE MOUNTAINS

List and explain 2 pieces of evidence that we examined to support the theory of continental drift. Fossil evidence Modern mammals on continents Continents look like “puzzle pieces” Glacial grooves Suture Zones GPS

List 2 sudden geologic events (natural hazards) related to the direct movement of the geosphere. VOLCANO

Describe how a sudden geologic event can be destructive/hazardous to people. Earthquake Hazards Volcano Hazards Buildings and bridges collapse Roads crack Fires blaze due to ruptured gas lines Landslides occur because shaking cause rock to slide downhill Liquefaction Dams fail and cause flooding Lava streams burn all in their path Aircrafts endangered from ash in the atmosphere Roofs collapse, cities and surrounding landscape covered from ash fall & flow Volcanic pollution

Describe how a sudden geologic event can be beneficial to people? Rebuilds/uplifts the land Volcanic eruptions produce fertile new soil for agriculture

What forces uplift the Earth’s surface? Plate Tectonics Create volcanoes and mountains

What forces wear down the Earth’s surface? Weathering & Erosion

What are all rocks are made of? MINERALS

ROCK CYCLE (L) (B) (C) (H) (D) (K) (A) (E) (F) (I) (N) (J) (G) (M) melting (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) (H) (I) (J) (K) (L) (M) (N) ROCK CYCLE

Name the 3 groups of rocks Igneous Forms from cooled magma or lava Sedimentary made of sediments that compacted over time Metamorphic Forms due to heat & pressure

Name and describe the 5 processes of the rock cycle Cooling of magma or lava forms igneous rock Weathering of a rock forms sediments Lithification of sediments forms sedimentary rock Heat & pressure on a rock creates metamorphic rock Melting of a rock forms magma

Exposure to rain in NJ caused chemical weathering   Why would a 1000 year old statue that was moved from a desert to a park in NJ begin to crumble? Explain. Exposure to rain in NJ caused chemical weathering

Define chemical weathering Changes the chemical structure of the rock Water can: Dissolve minerals Cause rust to form

Define physical weathering. Breaks rock apart without changing the mineral make-up

List 3 examples of physical weathering. Ice wedging water seeps into cracks-freezes-expands-thaws Plant roots grows in cracks breaks rock apart Rock Abrasion rocks rub or collide due to wind or moving water

What changed the land surface in diagram? Weathering and erosion over a long period of time will cause mountains to wear down to hills Describe forces that act to wear down the earth’s surface over time. Water Wind Ice