PENGENALAN KEPADA BATUAN IGNEUS

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Presentation transcript:

PENGENALAN KEPADA BATUAN IGNEUS Introduction to igneous rocks PENGENALAN KEPADA BATUAN IGNEUS + kegiatan gunung berapi (volcanism)

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 3 teras idea Pembentukan, pengelasan dan pengecaman batuan igneus (Formation, classification and Identification of igneous rocks) Evolusi batuan igneus (Igneous rock evolution) Tektonik Keping dan taburan batuan igneus (Plate Tectonics and igneous rock distribution)

Kejadian-hasil Batuan igneus terjadi hasil drpd pemejalan (solidification) magma

Apa itu magma? Magma ialah satu leburan (melt) yang sangat panas (> 600 C) yg mengandungi hampir semua unsur (terdapat 105 unsur yg diketahui setakat ini) yg bercampur secara kimia dan menghablur (crystallize) dalam pelbagai pola geometri (geometric patterns) untuk membentuk 8 jenis mineral pembentuk batuan (rock forming minerals)

Bagimana magma terjadi? Terhasil drpd peleburan separa dan penghabluran berperingkat kerak bumi benua ataupun lautan (partial melting of continental and oceanic crust and fractional crytsallization) Kedalaman 600 km

Di mana terjadi? Convergent plate boundaries Divergent plate boundaries Strike-slip boundaries

Kejadian-hasil Batuan igneus terjadi hasil drpd pemejalan (solidification) magma sama ada di dalam perut bumi, di dalam air lautan atau di permukaan bumi 1 Kegiatan gunung berapi di luar permukaan bumi atau di dasar laut=>batuan ekxtrusif/gunung berapi (extrusive/volcanic rocks) 2 Pejal di dalam => batuan intrusif (intrusive)

sill

Mt Etna, Sicily 2002-03

Batuan lava

Mt Nyirangongo, Central Africa

Eruption products

Classification of igneous rocks

SIRI TINDAK BALAS BOWEN (Bowen Reaction Series)

olivin

Piroksen (Pyroxene)

amphibole

Mika (mica)

Potassium feldspar

Mika muskovit

Kuarza (Quartz)

Calcium feldspar

Na feldspar

Original minerals (Chemical formula) Quartz SiO2 Microcline KAlSi3O8 Orthoclase KAlSi3O8 Na-Plagioclase NaAlSi3O8 Ca-Plagioclase CaAlSi3O8 Muscovite KAlSi3O10 Biotite KAl(Mg-Fe)3Si3O10 (OH)2 Horneblende Ca2Al2Mg2Fe3, Si6O (OH)2 Augite Ca2(Al-Fe)4(Mg-Fe)4Si6O 24

Siri Tindak Balas Bowen Memperihalkan tertib mineral menghablur drpd magma yg menyejuk, berdasarkan kpd prinsip bahawa setiap bahan mempunyai takat lebur yang unik. Ada kaitan dengan gambarajah fasa (phase diagram) eg. Eutektik diagram, ternary diagram

Tindak balas Continous series (selanjar)

Tindak balas tak selanjar Discontinous series -

soalan Mineral dan batuan manakah yang paling banyak ditemui di dalam kerak bumi? Mineral dan batuan manakah yang lazim ditemui di permukaan? Di dalam perut bumi? Mineral dan batuan manakah yang mudah terurai? Yg payah terurai? Kenapa? Apakah mineral dan batuan kekal dalam keadaan asal ia terjadi? Tidak berubah? Kalau berubah, bentuk baru apakah yang terjadi?

andesite

basalt

diorite

gabbro

granite

obsidian

olivine

Olivine basalt

Pink granite

Porphyritic granite

Porphyritic granite

Pumice granite

pumice

pyro

rhyolite

scoria

vesicles

luluhawa (weathering) Next lecture luluhawa (weathering)