The Declaration of independence Reading The Declaration of independence

Big idea As you read, ask yourself, “How does Jefferson describe the challenges the colonists faced?” Analyze text structure and features and explain their impact in the meaning of the text.

Text Organization: Introduction When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.

Working definitions Word Context Working Definition

Working definitions Word Context Working Definition Dissolve

Working definitions Word Context Working Definition Dissolve “it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another”

Working definitions Word Context Working Definition Dissolve “it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another” To be no longer present

Working definitions Word Context Working Definition Declare

Working definitions Word Context Working Definition Declare “that they should declare the causes”

Working definitions Word Context Working Definition Declare “that they should declare the causes” to state officially or announce clearly

Working definitions Word Context Working Definition impel END OF P. 1 / STOP HERE

“which impel them to the separation” Working definitions Word Context Working Definition impel “which impel them to the separation” END OF P. 1 / STOP HERE

“which impel them to the separation” Working definitions Word Context Working Definition impel “which impel them to the separation” to force END OF P. 1 / STOP HERE

Big idea: Text structure Notice the chunks of information (paragraphs and lists). How many chunks of information are there?

structure How many chunks are there? There are four (4) major parts to the Declaration. From what you know of essay structure, what do you predict will be the general structure of the essay?

structure How many chunks are there? There are four (4) major parts to the Declaration. From what you know of essay structure, what do you predict will be the general structure of the essay?

structure How many chunks are there? There are four (4) major parts to the Declaration. From what you know of essay structure, what do you predict will be the general structure of the essay? Introduction body conclusion

Annotate the text: identify structure Now, on your copy of the Declaration of Independence, write introduction beside the first paragraph to label it. Students, take your copy of the Declaration of Independence by writing Introduction to the side of the first paragraph. Then write conclusion beside the last paragraph. Notice that the first paragraph follows standard form, with a lead, background information, and ending in a thesis, or central idea stating the purpose of the document.

AnNotate the text: identify thesis We need to locate the thesis in the introduction. It is generally the last sentence of the first paragraph and states the purpose of the essay. Students, take your copy of the Declaration of Independence by writing Introduction to the side of the first paragraph. Then write conclusion beside the last paragraph. Notice that the first paragraph follows standard form, with a lead, background information, and ending in a thesis, or central idea stating the purpose of the document.

The declaration of independence: Introduction When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. Switch to document camera image to discuss structure.

AnNotate the text: identify thesis To “declare the causes which impel them to the separation” is the thesis; it is sometimes called the statement of purpose. Students, take your copy of the Declaration of Independence by writing Introduction to the side of the first paragraph. Then write conclusion beside the last paragraph. Notice that the first paragraph follows standard form, with a lead, background information, and ending in a thesis, or central idea stating the purpose of the document.

Paraphrase the thesis Now, put the thesis in your own words. Thesis (Central Idea): To “declare the causes which impel them to the separation.” In other words,

AnNotate the text: identify thesis Thesis: to “declare the causes which impel them to the separation.” In other words, the purpose of the Declaration is to explain the reason for separating from Britain and forming their own government Students, take your copy of the Declaration of Independence by writing Introduction to the side of the first paragraph. Then write conclusion beside the last paragraph. Notice that the first paragraph follows standard form, with a lead, background information, and ending in a thesis, or central idea stating the purpose of the document.

The Declaration of independence part II Reading The Declaration of independence part II

Working definitions Word Context Working Definition unalienable

that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights Working definitions Word Context Working Definition unalienable that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights

that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights Working definitions Word Context Working Definition unalienable that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights Not able to be taken away

Working definitions Word Context Working Definition Tyranny Teacher states, “Now let’s look at the word tyranny as we write it in the first column. Also write the sentence part it is located in the second column.” Teacher writes on board and looks around to ensure students do same. I will write the sentence, “the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States” in the second column and you do the same. Now, what does this word remind you of? I have heard of a tyrant. A friend of mine said her father was a tyrant; he was very strict, mean, and unreasonable. As I look at the context of tyranny here, I see words like evil, destructive, suffer, reduce, abuse. It definitely has a bad connotation. It seems the opposite of a good government. Okay, these examples fit with the description. So the word tyranny likely means power that is harsh, oppressive, dominating, unjust, cruel, unjust and I will write that in the column.”

Working definitions Word Context Working Definition Tyranny … having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States.

Working definitions Word Context Working Definition Tyranny … having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States. power that is harsh, unjust, oppressive

Working definitions Word Context Working Definition Sufferance Teacher says, “One more word. Let’s write the word sufferance in the first column. The sentence says, “--Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; so I will write that in the second column. I know the base word suffer means to endure something painful or unpleasant. The text also uses suffer, sufferable (or able to be suffered). I also know that the paragraph seems to say that people are forced to endure bad conditions. I also know –ance is a noun suffix meaning state, action, or process of, so sufferance is the state or process of suffering. So now I will write that in the third column.

Working definitions Word Context Working Definition Sufferance --Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies;

Working definitions Word Context Working Definition Sufferance --Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; the state or condition of suffering

Working definitions Word Context Working Definition Self-evident

Working definitions Word Context Working Definition Self-evident “we hold these truths to be self-evident”

Working definitions Word Context Working Definition Self-evident “we hold these truths to be self-evident” evident of themselves, without need of evidence or proof; obvious

Other vocubulary to know usurpations (n.): usurp (v.) means to seize something without the right to do so; therefore, usurpation, the noun form of usurp, means the act of seizing, or taking, something without the right to do so. prudence: careful forethought, good judgment

Literary element: text structure Review: Text structure is the way that parts of a text are organized and are related to each other. The Declaration of Independence is expository, with an introduction, body and conclusion. Introduction: States the purpose-to explain the reason for the Colonies’ separating from Britain and forming their own government.

text structure: Problem/solution Within the body, Jefferson used problem / solution organization. What problems does Jefferson identify? What solution does he propose?

Literary term: Syllogism Syllogism-a form of deductive reasoning that has three parts: a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion.

Literary term: Syllogism Syllogism-a form of deductive reasoning that has three parts: a major premise a minor premise a conclusion. A syllogism is valid if its conclusion follows logically from the premises.

Literary term: Syllogism A syllogism has three parts: major premise, minor premise, and conclusion. EXAMPLE: Major premise: All humans a mortal. Minor premise: Jefferson is human. Conclusion: Jefferson is mortal.

Partnered reading: Part b Now, as you read with your partner, analyze Jefferson’s argument. What is the syllogism that Jefferson uses in his argument? What foundation does he lay first? Major premise: Minor premise: Conclusion:

Partnered reading: annotate the text Now read to identify the three part syllogism. Underline the major premise once, the minor premise twice, and conclusion three with a wavy line. Write major, minor, conclusion in the margin to identify each part. Major premise: Minor premise: Conclusion:

Partnered reading: annotate the text CODING- ? Don’t understand ?/ W-word ?/S- section, sentence, or phrase / I lost it here and had to go back and reread circle key transitions (i.e. but, therefore)

Partnered reading: annotate the text Working: 10 minutes Major premise: underline 1x Minor premise: underline 2x Conclusion: underline with a wavy line ? Don’t understand ?/ W-word ?/S- section, sentence, or phrase / I lost it here and had to go back and reread circle key transitions (i.e. but, therefore)

Foundational elements: Before beginning the syllogism, Jefferson establishes assumptions—truths that are "self-evident" –upon which the entire argument is built: All men are created equal They are endowed with the unalienable rights of "Life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.“ These truths cannot be disputed or taken away, since they are "endowed by the Creator.“ Thus, he lays the foundation for his three-part argument that follows.

notice how jefferson uses repetition notice how jefferson uses repetition. How is repetetion helpful to the reader? We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. --That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, --That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.   It helps the reader see each point clearly. Rhetorical strategy

Partnered Reading Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shewn [has shown], that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations [usurp-to seize something without right to do so], pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security.--Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world.

Literary term: Syllogism Major premise: "...whenever any form of government becomes destructive to [these rights], it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it, and to institute new government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect [the people's] safety and happiness”(4). Simply put: Minor premise: Conclusion:

Jefferson’s Syllogism Major premise:

Jefferson’s Syllogism Major premise: "...whenever any form of government becomes destructive to [these rights], it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it, and to institute new government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect [the people's] safety and happiness”(4). Simply put:

Jefferson’s Syllogism Major premise: "...whenever any form of government becomes destructive to [these rights], it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it, and to institute new government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect [the people's] safety and happiness”(4). Simply put: If a government violates these fundamental rights, then the people have the right to be changed or abolished it.

Jefferson’s Syllogism Minor premise: ”The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States.” In other words, the King of England has violated the rights of the Colonies.

Jefferson’s Syllogism Conclusion: “We, therefore, the Representatives of the united States of America, in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States; that they are Absolved [free from responsibility] from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that as Free and Independent States, they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do.  Eliminate extra words and phrases by asking, “Who is it about?” and “What are they doing?” In other words, look for the subject and verb.

Jefferson’s Syllogism Major premise: Governments that violate the fundamental rights of the people ought to be changed or abolished. Minor premise: The King of England has violated the rights of the Colonies. Conclusion: Therefore, the united Colonies have the right to dissolve their political ties with Britain and to create a new government. This can be stated different ways that are equally correct.

The Declaration of independence part III Reading The Declaration of independence part III

Generating questions for further study Formulated questions relevant and significant to the topic Questions are text-based and refer to relevant information from text