Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg 1 Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Curt-Engelhorn Chair in American History Prof. Dr. Manfred Berg Winter Term 2008/2009 The Reluctant Empire? U.S. Foreign Relations in the 20th Century

Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg Today’s Topics  Continental Expansion  The United States and Imperialism  The Spanish-American War  The Open Door in China  The Big Stick in the Caribbean

Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg George Washington ( )  “The period is not far off, when we may defy material injury from external annoyance...; when we may choose peace or war, as our interest, guided by justice, shall counsel.”  Farewell Address of 1796

Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg James Madison ( )  Mr. Madison’s War

Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg Thomas Jefferson ( )  Empire of Liberty

Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg Indian Removal

Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg Louisiana Purchase, 1803

Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg Manifest Destiny  “It is our manifest destiny to overspread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federated self-government entrusted to us.”  John O’Sullivan, 1845

Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg Mexican-American War,

Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg William Seward ( )  U.S. Secretary of State ( )

Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg Seward’s Ice Box, 1867

Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg Alfred Thayer Mahan ( )  The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1890

Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg Imperialism  Navalism  Racism  Social Darwinism  Colonialism  Jingoism  Yellow Press  Social Imperialism

Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg William McKinley ( )  U.S. President (1897 – 1901)

Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg U.S.S. Maine, 1898  New York Journal Headlines (Feb.17, 1898)  Wreckage of the U.S.S. Maine in Havana Harbor

Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg The Spanish-American War 1898  The Battle of San Juan Hill  U.S. Secretary of State John Hay: “A Splendid Little War”

Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg Cuba  Teller Amendment of 1898: “The United States disclaims any disposition or intention to exercise sovereignty, jurisdiction or control” over Cuba.  Platt Amendment of 1903: The U.S. reserves the right “to intervene for the preservation of Cuban independence, the maintenance of a government adequate for the protection of life, property, and individual liberty.”

Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg Annexation of the Philippines

Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg Anti-Imperialist League, 1899  Andrew Carnegie,  Carl Schurz,

Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg The Philippine War,  U.S. soldiers of the First Nebraska volunteers, company B, near Manila, 1899

Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg China Around 1900 Western Powers and Spheres of Influence in China, ca. 1900

Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg Open Door Notes  1899: U.S. does not recognize “exclusive rights of any power within or control over any portion of the Chinese Empire” which must remain “an open market for the commerce of the world.”  1900: U.S. wants to “preserve Chinese territorial and administrative entity” and the “principle of equal and impartial trade.”

Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg Boxer Uprising, 1900

Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg Theodore Roosevelt ( )  U.S. President,

Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg Rudyard Kipling ( ) “Take up the white man’s burden, and reap his old reward: The blame of those ye better, the hate of those ye guard.” - “The White Man’s Burden” (1899)

Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg Panama Canal  New Routes of commerce and travel

Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg Roosevelt Corollary, 1904  “Chronic wrongdoing, or an impotence which may result in a general loosening of the ties of civilized society...may force the United States, however reluctantly,… to the exercise of an international police power.”  TR, 1904