Organization and Structure of Government in Pakistan Lecture no. 14

Organization 1) Organization is arrangement of personnel for facilitating the accomplishment of some agreed purposes, through allocation of functions and responsibilities. (L.D.White) 2) Organization means a planned system of cooperative effort in which each participant has a recognized role to play and duties and tasks to perform. (H. Simon, Smithburg, and Thompson) 3) Organization is form of every human association for the attainment of a common purpose. (James D. Mooney) Thus organization is a group of people working together interdependently to achieve a common objective.

Principles of Organization Hierarchy Hierarchy is a chain of command and literally it means control of the higher over lower. It refers to the levels in organization. Span of Control It means how many persons are being attended or supervised by an individual Unity of Command It refers to the reporting to immediate boss by an employee (According to Henri Fayol, an employee should receive orders from one supervisor only). Integration vs Disintegration It means the connecting of one or more parts with the whole of the organization structure, by keeping them under the boss or department which is under the control of boss. Whereas, disintegration means breaking up or causing to break into small parts or groups or identities. And, these parts are usually independent. Delegation It means the transferring of authority from higher to lower to facilitate the work of organization. Centralization vs Decentralization Centralization refers to the concentration of authority at the top whereas decentralization refers to the dispersal of authority among a number of individuals or units.

Organization of Federal Government in Pakistan “Rules of Business-1973” define the function of ministries, ministers and also secretaries and also the methodology of conducting the administrative and other businesses of the Federal Government. Central Secretariat: For the proper functioning of the Federal Government and the administering the subjects falling within the jurisdiction of federation, there are ministries, divisions, attached departments, subordinate offices, autonomous and semi- autonomous bodies. The detail is as under: Ministry: A ministry is a division or group of divisions constituted into a ministry or it may comprise one or more divisions for the conduct of business of Federal Government in a specified sphere as declared by the Government. Each ministry is headed by a Cabinet Minister and a Secretary is the administrative incharge of the ministry. Division: It also performs functions like Ministry to formulate policies and to ensure their implementation. It is headed by a Minister for State and administrative incharge is Secretary or Additional Secretary. Attached Department: An attached department in the Federal Government has a direct relation with Ministry or Division. These departments provide assistance to the Ministry in the formulation and execution of the policies and they are under the control of Ministry or Division. Subordinate Offices: Each attached department has many subordinate offices, which are known as “field offices”. They are under the attached department and perform specific duites. They are responsible for the execution of all the filed activities of attached departments. They are headed by an administrator or Director. Autonomous/Semi Autonomous Bodies: Certain Ministries or Divisions have a number of autonomous, semi-autonomous bodies representing the trend of decentralization for arriving at speedy decisions. The main sectors, under which these bodies are working are Finance, Education and Banking.

Transaction of Business at Federal Level Prime Minister: At the top of the hierarchy of Federal Government is Prime Minister, who has authority and responsibility for the transaction of the business. Federal Minister: A Federal Minister or Minister for State is to assist the Prime Minister in the formulation of public policy. Secretary: A Secretary in-charge of Ministry or Division is a senior civil servant, and administrative head of his ministry or division. He has to assist his Minister or Minister for state in policy formulation, keep the Minister generally informed of the working of the Ministry or Division. Additional Secretary: Additional Secretary is also a senior civil servant and assists Secretary in a ministry, some time, he works as incharge of the division and performs the functions like a Secretary in the ministry. Joint Secretary: Joint Secretary is junior to the Additional Secretary, In Ministry he works at the third level of administrative hierarchy; while in Division, he assists the additional secretary in charge as second in command. He performs the duties as assigned by Secretary/Additional Secretary. Deputy Secretary: A division/ministry is divided into wings and a wing is further divided into sections. Administrative head of a group of sections is called Deputy Secretary. Section Officer/Under Secretary: Section officer is the incharge of a section. He is an officer at the lowest ebb of the hierarchy. He controls the officials of his section i.e. assistant, clerks, record keepers, steno-typist etc. For further details, you can refer to the “Manual of Secretariat Instructions”.

Provincial Organization The work procedures of a provincial government in Pakistan are in many ways similar to those at centre. There are provincial secretariat attached offices. The working of these organizations are similar as that of federal organizations with some modifications and adjustments. Chief Minister: At the apex of the province is Chief Minister, whose chief staff is the Chief Secretary. CM is the head of provincial cabinet and controller of provincial ministries. Chief Secretary: He is the senior civil servant and is the official head of the provincial secretariat. To enable him to perform his functions properly, there is a secretary in every department, then additional secretary, deputy secretary and section officer.

Local Government Under present devolution scenario, province is territorially divided into districts, which are again subdivided into subdivisions or tehsils.

Administrative Structure in District

Administrative Structure in Tehsil In every tehsil there shall be a Tehsil Municipal Administration which shall be a body corporate and consist of a Tehsil Nazim, Tehsil Municipal Officer, Tehsil Officers, Chief Officers and other officials of the Local Council Service and officials of the offices entrusted to the Tehsil Municipal Administration. Whereas in every town in a City District there is a Town Municipal Administration which is a body corporate and consist of the Town Nazim, Town Municipal Officer, Town Officers, Chief Officers and other officials of the Local Council Service and officials of the offices entrusted to the Town Municipal Administration..

Administrative Structure in Union At the lower tier, the Union Administration, which is a body corporate, covers the rural as well as urban areas across the whole district. It consists of Union Nazim, Naib Union Nazim and three Union Secretaries and other ancillary staff