Heterosis: Defined and Research Experience

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Presentation transcript:

Heterosis: Defined and Research Experience Scott P. Greiner, Ph.D. Extension Animal Scientist, Beef Department of Animal & Poultry Sciences Virginia Tech sgreiner@vt.edu

Can We Have It All??? Reproductively efficient cow herd Cows that are low-cost, adaptable to feed and environmental resources Superior growth/feed efficiency End product merit

Crossbreeding Fundamentals Heterosis (Hybrid Vigor) Individual heterosis Maternal heterosis Paternal heterosis Breed complementarity

Heterosis Defined -Superiority of crossbred animal relative to average of its straightbred parents Breed A Weaning Wt. = 530 lb. Breed B Weaning Wt. = 470 lb. A x B Crossbred Calf Expected performance 500 lb. (average of A and B) Actual performance = 520 lb. 20 lb. (4%) increase = heterosis

Genetic Basis of Heterosis Additive vs. non-additive gene effects Additive: favorable effect on performance results from increase in homozygosity (heterozygote intermediate to homozygotes) Non-additive: favorable effects realized through increase in heterozygosity Dominance and epistasis

Dominance

Economically Important Traits Reproductive efficiency Calving ease Calf survival Weaning Wt. Post-weaning growth Feed efficiency Mature size Red meat yield Palatability

Individual Heterosis Advantage of the Crossbred Calf Cundiff and Gregory, 1999

Carcass Traits Long, 1980

Maternal Heterosis Cundiff and Gregory, 1999

Impact of Heterosis Heritability Low Moderate High Heterosis High Low Reproduction Growth Carcass Merit

Maternal Heterosis Advantage of the Crossbred Cow Advantage of crossbred cow vs. straightbred Reproductive efficiency Maternal ability Longevity Increased lifetime productivity Maternal heterosis accounts for largest portion of total heterosis advantage (60%)

Estimating Heterosis Expected Performance = General purebred mean + ½ sire breed direct value + ½ dam breed direct value + dam breed maternal value + individual heterosis + maternal heterosis

Weaning Weight Example General mean = 600 Individual heterosis = 4.0% Maternal heterosis = 4.0%

Sire C x crossbred A-B dam Calculated performance with direct and maternal breed values 600 + 0.5(40)+ 0.25(20) + 0.25(-10) + 0.5(10) + 0.5(30) = 642.5 Add individual heterosis 642.5 + 0.04(642.5) = 668.2 Add maternal heterosis 668.2 + 0.04(668.2) = 694.9

Paternal Heterosis Advantage of the Crossbred Sire Advantage in reproductive traits Realized primarily when single sires mated to high numbers of cows (> 40) Difficult to measure due to large influence of female in total herd reproductive efficiency

Breed Differences Sire breed of calf Gestation length, d Unassisted calvings, % Birth weight, lb. Survival to wean., 200-d wean. wt., Hereford 284 95.6 90.4 96.2 524 Angus 282 99.6 84.0 96.7 533 Red Angus 99.1 84.5 526 Simmental 285 97.7 92.2 553 Gelbvieh 97.8 88.7 97.1 534 Limousin 286 97.6 89.5 96.9 519 Charolais 283 92.8 93.7 540 source: Cundiff et al., 2001, Germplasm Evaluation Program Progress Report No. 21

Effect of breed type on level of heterosis Cundiff and Gregory, 1999

Heterosis: Bottom Line Heterosis offers best genetic solution for improvement of lowly heritable reproductive traits Majority of heterosis advantages realized through crossbred dams

Considerations Breed contributions Optimizing heterosis Heterosis retention Interaction with environment Economics of crossbreeding Sustainable systems to capture heterosis

Heterosis: Defined and Research Experience Scott P. Greiner, Ph.D. Extension Animal Scientist, Beef Department of Animal & Poultry Sciences Virginia Tech sgreiner@vt.edu