Shakespeare and Tragedy

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Presentation transcript:

Shakespeare and Tragedy

A brief definition of Tragedy Tragedy is a branch of drama that treats in a serious and dignified style the sorrowful or terrible events encountered or caused by a heroic individual.

Origins/History of Tragedy Original Greek: tragodia (“goat song”) from Dionysian festivals Tragedy from its beginning has dealt in universal themes of death and disaster connected with seasonal rhythms Original Greek tragedies were performed by a chorus; later the tragic hero developed Aeschylus was the first playwright to use dialogue

Tragic Theory All Greek tragedy drew from familiar myths of gods and men; therefore the story was already known The point of tragedy was not (and is not) to find out what happens, but rather to discover and learn from the changing awareness and responses of the characters involved – often resulting in irony Many, if not most, major tragic events happened off-stage and were then commented upon

Qualities of Tragedy The plot follows the hero’s involvement in an intolerable yet inescapable situation, the result of will, circumstance, ignorance or obligation Hero eventually battles the inexorable fate that ensures an unhappy outcome The experience is not entirely negative: it exposes human grandeur and dignity in extreme circumstances Audience feels both ennobled and chastened – and achieves katharsis through tears

Development of Tragedy Romans (esp. Seneca) essentially stole Greek tragedy and made it more sensational (and often more violent) Elizabethan playwrights (Kyd, Marlowe) followed in this tradition British adventurism (New World, etc.) influenced the Elizabethans, especially Shakespeare, to include a new topic: the rewards and perils of the over-ambitious hero’s individual achievement and discovery (pride derived from Greek hubris)

Shakespeare’s Great Tragedies Shakespeare went beyond the drama of his time to present an imaginative vision of evil and of the resources with which man confronts evil in his extremity Shakespeare’s tragic heroes are prominent but imperfect (Hamlet, Lear) and therefore serve as both compelling individual and symbol of society Shakespeare’s trajectory as a writer took him from the social individual (comedy) to the burdened individual (history) to the overburdened individual (tragedy)

Shakespearean Tragedy: An Outline A noble hero Begins in a state of happiness & good fortune Ends in a state of misery Through both fate and his own fault (tragic flaw) The outcome is inevitable once the hero sets off on his path to destruction Order is re-established by a minor but noble character