Mandated Reporter Training Child Abuse & Neglect Community Action Partnership of San Luis Obispo County Inc. Child, Youth, & Family Services Division

A Training Curriculum for Mandated Reporters Mandated Reporter Training A Training Curriculum for Mandated Reporters on the California Child Abuse Neglect Reporting (CANRA) Law Presented by San Luis Obispo County Child Abuse Prevention Council

Mandated Reporter Training Objectives How the law defines child abuse and neglect What is a Mandated Reporter? What is required of you as a Mandated Reporter? What protections the law provides for you as a mandated reporter How to identify signs of child abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect Reporting Procedure What happens after a report is filed. Special Concerns

Mandated Reporter Training Introduction The goal of today’s presentation is to make each of you aware that as paid staff serving children you are mandated by California state law to report any knowledge or suspicion that a child’s safety or welfare is at risk. It is not your responsibility to investigate such suspicions. In fact, if you do investigate, you might create obstacles to the ability of Child Welfare Services (CWS) to protect the children. Your sole responsibility is to report your concerns to the CWS by phone as soon as possible and in writing within 36 hours.

Mandated Reporter Training Two Types of Reporters Mandated reporters – those required to report suspected child abuse Have legal duty to report Can be held liable for failure to report Discretionary reporters – those who report simply because they develop a concern for a child’s welfare

Mandated Reporter Training Duty to Report Additional Reference: See Child Abuse Prevention Handbook and Intervention Guide pages 31-33 for duty to report and pages 98-101 for penal codes.

Circumstances for Reporting Mandated Reporter Training Circumstances for Reporting Reasonable suspicion – if a person is suspicious, based on facts that could create a reasonable person with his/her training and experience to suspect child abuse Knowledge criteria – this includes actual observation of child abuse or obtaining knowledge of abuse

Your Legal Responsibilities Mandated Reporter Training Your Legal Responsibilities Legal duty to report if you have “reasonable suspicion” of abuse and obtain this knowledge during the course of your work You are NOT required to prove the abuse or collect evidence Your are NOT obligated to report if you are not serving in your professional capacity

Mandated Reporter Training What must be reported? Under CANRA, suspicions of the following must be reported in California Physical abuse Sexual abuse Emotional abuse Neglect When the victim is under the age of 18, and the perpetrator is any age

Identifying Child Abuse Mandated Reporter Training Identifying Child Abuse Requires first the understanding that child abuse can occur in any family, regardless of socio-economic status, religion, education, ethnic background, or other factors. Cultural beliefs may affect our perception of this Secondly, the professional must be aware of and alert to the signs of child abuse. A set of beliefs, attitudes, values, and behavior that is passed down from generation to generation Shaped by many factors including race, religion, and ethnicity Influences attitudes and ideas about acceptable child behavior and discipline Also affects perceptions of stress, trauma, abuse and reactions to all of those It is natural to see one’s own culture as the normal or correct culture We must be aware of our own values, beliefs and biases, and how those influence our expectations of others so that we are best able to understand differences in parenting avoid unnecessary reports meet the needs of all children in a sensitive manner

Obstacles to Reporting Mandated Reporter Training Obstacles to Reporting Denial Fear of making a mistake Fear that parent will be angry Belief that nothing happens when you make a report, or that it makes things worse

Definitions of Child Abuse and Neglect Mandated Reporter Training Definitions of Child Abuse and Neglect Additional Reference: See Child Abuse Prevention Handbook and Intervention Guide pages 4-21 and 151-162.

Mandated Reporter Training Physical Abuse CANRA defines as a physical injury inflicted by other than accidental means on a child by parent, caretaker, or other adult known or unknown to child. Also includes unlawful corporal punishment or injury, willfully inflicted, resulting in a traumatic condition Spanking or corporal punishment is not necessarily illegal, it should be “reasonable and age-appropriate” A physical injury or action of harming a child Bruises, bites, burns, fractures, abusive head trauma Although the injury is not an accident, the parent or caretaker may not have intended to hurt the child May result from excessive discipline or inappropriate physical punishment The injury may be the result of a single episode or of repeated episodes and can range in severity from minor bruising to death

Mandated Reporter Training Physical Abuse Abusive bruises and burns may also be patterned, or have a distinct outline Accidental bruises usually do not leave a clear pattern or outline While an outline or pattern should raise concern, abusive injuries are not always patterned, and may look very similar to accidental bruises Some common patterns of INFLICTED bruises are shown next

Mandated Reporter Training Slap mark, note linear red lines 15

Mandated Reporter Training Ear bruise from being struck on side of side of head 16

Mandated Reporter Training Patterned bruising from being struck with an objects (shoe and belt) 17

Mandated Reporter Training Grab mark 18

Mandated Reporter Training Loop mark from being struck with cord 19

Mandated Reporter Training Patterned burn - space heater, note clear demarcation lines and buttocks as common area for discipline 20

Mandated Reporter Training Sexual Abuse Per CANRA, child sexual abuse includes both sexual assault and sexual exploitation. Sexual assault includes Sex acts with children Child molestation Intentional masturbation in the presence of a child Sexual exploitation includes Preparing, selling, or distributing pornographic materials involving children Performances involving obscene sexual conduct Child prostitution P.C. 11165.1). 21

Sexual Abuse - Disclosure Mandated Reporter Training Sexual Abuse - Disclosure Most victims of sexual abuse report the crime(s) months or even years after they have occurred Many victims never report at all It is very common for children to recant a disclosure of sexual abuse They disclose the abuse and then change their story, denying that it ever happened This happens for a variety of reasons including fear, guilt, shame, embarrassment, or even a desire not to hurt the perpetrator or family unit

Mandated Reporter Training Neglect Under CANRA neglect of a child, whether "severe" or "general," must be reported if the perpetrator is a person responsible for the child's welfare Includes: Acts (i.e. locking a toddler in a hot car) Omissions (i.e. not providing food) The neglect may cause harm to the child or just threaten to harm the child's health or welfare Must still report even if no injury (P.C. 11165.2). 23

Mandated Reporter Training Neglect General neglect Failure of a caregiver to provide adequate food, clothing, shelter, medical care, or supervision, where no physical injury to the child has occurred Severe neglect The intentional failure of a caregiver to provide adequate food, clothing, shelter, or medical care Or caregiver willfully causes or permits the child to be placed in a situation such that his or her person or health is endangered (P.C. 11165.2). 24

Neglect- Religious Considerations Mandated Reporter Training Neglect- Religious Considerations Refusing medical care for religious reasons is a hotly debated topic when children are involved Per CANRA, a child receiving treatment by spiritual means or not receiving specified medical treatment for religious reasons, shall not for that reason alone be considered a neglected child An informed and appropriate medical decision made by a caregiver after consultation with a physician does not constitute neglect (P.C. 11165.2[b]) 25

Intimate Partner Violence Mandated Reporter Training Intimate Partner Violence California is one of the few states that mandates reports of intimate partner abuse between adolescents / teenagers “Intimate relationship” not dependent on age Can be reported to either local child welfare services or law enforcement agency Unfortunately, responses to reports of intimate partner violence affecting minors vary enormously from jurisdiction to jurisdiction

Mandated Reporter Training Emotional Abuse Under CANRA, also called cruelty Defined as willful cruelty or unjustified punishment includes: Inflicting or permitting physical pain or mental suffering Or permitting the endangerment of the child's person or health (P.C. 11165.3). 27

Mandated Reporter Training Emotional Abuse Includes acts or omissions that have or could cause serious behavioral, cognitive, emotional, or mental disorders In some cases, the acts alone, without any obvious harm are sufficient to warrant reporting i.e. extreme or bizarre forms of punishment, such as torture or confinement of a child in a dark closet For less severe acts, such as belittling or cruel words, it can be more difficult to determine what constitutes emotional abuse For the mandated reporter, reporting the concern is the only requirement It is up to the child protective agency to decide if the act(s) in question are emotional abuse

Mandated Reporter Training Emotional Abuse Most difficult form of child maltreatment to identify The effects of emotional maltreatment (lags in physical development, learning problems, and speech disorder) are nonspecific The effects of emotional maltreatment may only become evident in later developmental stages of the child's life The behaviors of emotionally abused and emotionally disturbed children are often similar

Mandated Reporter Training Emotional Abuse Although any of the forms of child maltreatment may be found alone, they often occur in combination Emotional abuse is most often seen in combination with other forms of abuse The red flags for emotional abuse are very similar to the red flags for other forms of abuse

Red Flags – Child Behaviors Mandated Reporter Training Red Flags – Child Behaviors Hostile, aggressive, or verbally abusive toward others Anxious, fearful or withdrawn behavior Self-injurious self-mutilates, bangs head, etc. Destructive breaks windows, sets fires, etc. Frightened of going home, frightened of parents/caretakers Attempts to hide injuries Frequent absence from school Clingy, forms indiscriminate attachments Tries to be perfect

Red Flags – Child Behaviors Mandated Reporter Training Red Flags – Child Behaviors Sexual Abuse: Inappropriate sexual knowledge for age Demonstrating sexual acts on other children or toys Molesting other children Post-traumatic stress disorder Sexually transmitted infections Neglect: Dirty clothes, poor hygiene Failure to thrive, or a malnourished child Severe dental cavities

Red Flags – Home environment Mandated Reporter Training Red Flags – Home environment Neglect: Medications, cleaners, toxins within reach of a child Guns or other weapons that are not properly secured Trash, rotted food, insects, or animal waste Choking hazards within reach of an infant or toddler

Red Flags – Parent Behaviors Mandated Reporter Training Red Flags – Parent Behaviors Parental depression or other mental illness Parent tells you of use of objects to discipline the child belts, whips, clothes hanger Parent has unrealistic expectation of child toilet-training a 6-month-old Parent is unduly harsh and rigid about childrearing Parent singles out one child as "bad," "evil," or "beyond control" Parent berates, humiliates, or belittles child Parent misinterprets child's normal behavior a parent interprets an infant's crying as evidence that child hates the parent Parent is indifferent to child

Red Flags – Stressors on Parents / Contributing Factors Mandated Reporter Training Red Flags – Stressors on Parents / Contributing Factors Domestic violence Unemployment Poverty Lack of social support History of abuse as a child Substance abuse

Mandated Reporter Training

Mandated Reporter Training

When should I file a report? Mandated Reporter Training When should I file a report? When one "has knowledge of or observes a child in his or her professional capacity, or within the scope of his or her employment whom he or she knows or reasonably suspects has been the victim of child abuse..." If you suspect, report. Proof of abuse is not required; that will be determined through investigation by the child welfare professionals or law enforcement

Mandated Reporter Training Who files the report? Responsibility rests solely with the mandated reporter Reporting to an employer, supervisor, school principal, school counselor, coworker, or other person is NOT required nor adequate. When two or more mandated reporters jointly have knowledge of suspected child abuse or neglect, a single report may be made Any member of the reporting team who has knowledge that the designated person has failed to report must do so him or herself (P. C. 11166 [g]). 39

Mandated Reporter Training To Whom do I report? To a child protective agency “Child protective agency” is defined as a county welfare or probation department, or a police or sheriff’s department An example of a child protective agency is your local office of the Department of Children and Family Services The only types of law enforcement agency you may report to are the Sheriff’s or Police Department in your community Other law enforcement persons, such as school security, are not authorized to receive reports County CWS numbers in packet (P.C. 11165.9, P.C. 11166[a]). 40

Mandated Reporter Training How do I report Complete the SCAR (Suspected Child Abuse Report) Immediately call CWS Then submit the report: Within 36 hours a written report must be sent to the child protective or law enforcement agency to which the telephone report was made

Mandated Reporter Training 8572 Reporting Party’s information Name Date Address Phone

Mandated Reporter Training 8572 Information of person taking report Name Phone Title Address Date

Mandated Reporter Training 8572 Victim’s Information Name DOB Address School Present location Language

Mandated Reporter Training 8572 Involved Parties Siblings Parents Suspects

Mandated Reporter Training 8572 Incident Information What happened? What is the concern for abuse?

mom child child child (Child’s dad) child’s child child Mom child mom Mom mom child Mom child’s child child

What Happens After a Report? Mandated Reporter Training What Happens After a Report? The primary purpose of the report is to make child protective agencies aware of possible abuse Reports are investigated either by the local law enforcement agency and/or by the county child welfare (child protective services) agency

Child Welfare Services Mandated Reporter Training Child Welfare Services Interviews the child and family to evaluate the situation Primary responsibility is protection of the child The child may need to be removed and placed in a safer environment or the family may just need additional services Often, parents or others who mistreat children are overwhelmed by their situation/problems Financial problems, mental illness, anger issues , etc. May not be able to handle the stresses of raising children without help CWS offers services and resources to help manage the problems of the family and child Counseling, referrals to self-help groups ; assistance in obtaining medical care, emergency shelter, transportation

Child Welfare Services Mandated Reporter Training Child Welfare Services The CWS worker's goal is to protect children and enable families to stay together whenever possible Reports received (except neglect) must be cross-reported immediately, or as soon as possible, to local law enforcement agency Not all reports are serious enough to require the assistance of the law enforcement agency In these events, the family may be contacted only by local child welfare services

Mandated Reporter Training What Happens Next? The report is determined to be one of the following Unfounded - the report is determined to be false, inherently improbable, to involve an accidental injury, or not to constitute child abuse Substantiated - the report is determined to constitute child abuse or neglect Inconclusive - the report is determined not to be unfounded, but the findings are inconclusive and there is insufficient evidence to determine whether child abuse or neglect has occurred

Mandated Reporter Training SLO County Department of Social Services Intake & Community Response Structure CWS Response (24 hr response) High to Very High Risk Reporting Party Calls in (805) 781-KIDS CWS Intake Review Evaluate Determine Face-To-Face Response Path Request Feedback (Mandated Reporters only) OR Team Decision Making CWS & CAP-SLO Family Support Services (10 day response) Moderate to High Risk CAP-SLO Family Support Services (10 day response) NO known safety issues Low Risk

Safeguards for Mandated Reporters Mandated Reporter Training Safeguards for Mandated Reporters Confidentiality Mandated reporters are required to give their names when making a report The reporter's identity is kept confidential and may only be disclosed as follows: Between child protective agencies To counsel representing a child protective agency To the district attorney To the child's attorney To a licensing agency when abuse in out-of-home care is reasonably suspected By court order When the reporter waives confidentiality P.C. 11167 [d]) 54

Safeguards for Mandated Reporters Mandated Reporter Training Safeguards for Mandated Reporters Confidentiality Reports of suspected child abuse and the information they contain are also confidential May only be disclosed to official agencies and professionals involved in the investigation, treatment, prosecution, or record-keeping of these cases Any violation of confidentiality of this information is a misdemeanor punishable by up to six months in the county jail, or by a fine of $500, or by both Parties that may legally receive information from suspected Child Abuse Reports • To persons or agencies to whom a reporter's identity may be disclosed • To persons or agencies to whom disclosure of index and investigative information is permitted under P.C. 11170 (b) • To persons or agencies with whom investigations of child abuse are coordinated under the regulations in P.C. 11174 • To multidisciplinary personnel teams as defined in Welfare and Institutions Code section 18951 (d) • To persons or agencies responsible for the licensing of facilities that care for children, as specified in P.C. 11165.7 • To the state Department of Social Services or any county licensing agency that has contracted with the state, when an individual has applied for a community care license, child day care license, for employment in an out-of-home care facility; or when a complaint alleges child abuse by an operator or employee of an out-of-home care facility • To hospital scan teams • To coroners and medical examiners when conducting a postmortem examination of a child • To the Board of Prison Terms when subpoenaed for parole revocation proceedings against a parolee charged with abuse • To personnel from a child protective agency responsible for making a placement of a child • To persons who have been identified by the Department of Justice as listed in the Child Abuse Central Index pursuant to subdivision (c) of Section 11170 • To out-of-state law enforcement agencies conducting an investigation of child abuse only when an agency makes the request for reports of suspected child abuse in writing and on official letterhead, identifying the suspected abuser or victim by name • To persons who have verified with the Department of Justice that they are listed in the Child Abuse Central Index as provided by subdivision (e) of Section 11170 • To the chairperson of a county child death review team, or his or her designee (P.C. 11167.5 [b]) 55

Safeguards for Mandated Reporters Mandated Reporter Training Safeguards for Mandated Reporters Immunity Mandated Reporters have immunity from criminal or civil liability for reporting as required Unless the report is proven to be false and the person reporting knows it is false Or the report is made with reckless disregard of the truth Mandated reporters are not liable civilly or criminally for photographing the victim of child abuse and disseminating the photograph with the report P.C. 11172 [a]). (P.C. 11166 [f]). (P.C. 11172 [c]) (P.C. 11167.5) 56

Mandated Reporter Training Failure to Report Misdemeanor, punishable by Up to six months in jail Up to a $1,000 fine May also be subject to a civil lawsuit, and found liable for damages, especially if the child-victim or another child is further victimized because of the failure to report No supervisor or administrator may impede or inhibit a report or subject the reporting person to any sanction to do so is punishable by imprisonment, a fine, or both (P.C. 11172[e]). 57

Employer’s Responsibilities Mandated Reporter Training Employer’s Responsibilities Any person entering employment that makes him or her a mandated reporter must sign a statement that he or she has knowledge of the reporting law and will comply with its requirements Statement must be provided and retained by the employer A form for this statement is available from your local child protective agency Licensing Requirement The state agency issuing a license to a person who is required to report child abuse must either send a statement to the licensee explaining reporting requirements and the penalty for failure to report, or print the information on all application forms (P.C. 11166.5 [a]). (P.C. 11166.5 [b] [c]). 58

Mandated Reporter Training Conclusion Primary intent of the reporting laws is to protect the child Protecting the identified child may also provide the opportunity to protect other children in the home It is equally important to provide help for the parents The report of abuse may be a catalyst for bringing about change in the home environment, which may help to lower the risk of abuse in the home As a mandated reporter you play an obviously crucial role in this process, identifying and reporting concerns of abuse or neglect of children that may otherwise go unseen

Mandated Reporter Training Objectives How the law defines child abuse and neglect What is a Mandated Reporter? What is required of you as a Mandated Reporter? What protections the law provides for you as a mandated reporter How to identify signs of child abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect Reporting Procedure What happens after a report is filed. Special Concerns