Ch 1 Grammar Review El 4/5 de octubre del 2011

Chapter 1 Grammar Review Notes You will copy the following notes on page 53 of your INB. The title for this section will be: Chapter 1 Grammar Review If you run out of room, get a loose leaf-paper and continue your notes there.

Same form for masculine and feminine Adjectives 53 Adjectives agree with nouns in gender and number. masculine adjectives end in -o or -r feminine adjectives end in -a or -ra Other adjectives end in -e or other consonants for both masculine and feminine. To make an adjective plural, add -s to a vowel or -es to a consonant. Masculine Feminine -o changes to -a Bueno(s) Buena(s) Same form for masculine and feminine Grande(s) Intelectual(es)

Ser (to be) 53 yo soy- I am nosotros somos- we are tú eres- you are vosotros sois- you are él es – he is ellos son- they are ella es-she is ellas son- they are usted es- you are ustedes son- you are ser (to be) soy somos eres sois es son

D- day and date Hoy es el 30 de agosto. O- occupation Soy profesor. 53 D- day and date Hoy es el 30 de agosto. O- occupation Soy profesor. C- characteristic Soy baja y rubia. T- time Son las dos. O- origin Ella es de Chile. R- relationship Jorge es mi primo. & M- material La mesa es de madera. R- religion Mi abuelo es judío. E - event location La fiesta es en el gimnasio.

Gustar Gustar is used to say what you like. 53 Gustar is used to say what you like. Gustar is a verb, but it does not behave like regular verbs. How does it work? Only two forms: gusta (used with verb infinitives & singular things) gustan (used with plural things) Has special pronouns: me nos te os le les

Gustar If you need to clarify or emphasize who likes something: 53 A mí A ti A él A ella A usted me te le A nosotr@s A vosotr@s A ellos A ellas A ustedes nos os les A Juan le gusta la pizza y a Rosa le gusta la comida china. A mis hermanos les gusta cantar, pero a mis hermanas les gusta bailar.

Regular Verbs Verb infinitives in Spanish end in -ar, -er, or -ir. 53 Verb infinitives in Spanish end in -ar, -er, or -ir. hablar beber abrir Infinitive means that the verb is not conjugated. Conjugation is the way you change a verb to use it with specific subjects (people/things). Regular verbs are conjugated in predictable ways.

Spanish subject pronouns 53 Spanish subject pronouns yo nosotr@s tú vosotr@s él, ella, usted ellos, ellas, ustedes Regular Verb Endings -ar verbs -o -amos -as -aís -a -an -er verbs -o -emos -es -eís -e -en -ir verbs -o -imos -es -ís -e -en Steps to conjugate: (1) drop the ending, (2) identify the subject, (3) choose the correct ending!

Stem-Changing Verbs When you conjugate, the stem is… 53 When you conjugate, the stem is… what’s left after you drop the –ar, -er, or -ir How can you tell if a verb is a stem changer? You just have to memorize it! The stem change occurs in all forms except… the nosotr@s and vosotr@s form. In Spanish there are four groups of stem-changing verbs: eie ei oue uue

Verbs with Irregular Yo Forms 53 salir (to go out) salgo salimos sales salís sale salen saber (to know information) sé sabemos sabes sabeís sabe saben hacer (to do, to make) hago hacemos haces haceís hace hacen traer (to bring) traigo traemos traes traeís trae traen poner (to put) pongo ponemos pones poneís pone ponen ver (to watch/to see) veo vemos ves veís ve ven

Verbs with Irregular Yo Forms 53 Some verbs have irregular yo forms and are also irregular in other ways. Tener, venir, and decir are also stem-changers: tener (to have) eie tengo tenemos tienes teneís tiene tienen venir (to come) eie vengo venimos vienes venís viene vienen decir (to say/to tell) ei digo decimos dices decís dice dicen

Reflexive Verbs! 53 When the doer and the receiver of an action are the same person, you use a reflexive verb. Example: I wash my hands.  Reflexive verbs use their own special kind of pronouns, reflexive pronouns. These can replace or be used with subject pronouns. Either way, you have to use the reflexive pronoun with a reflexive verb. me nos te os se lavarse (to wash) Yo me lavo Nosotr@s nos lavamos Tú te lavas Vosotr@s os lavaís Usted se lava Él se lava Ella se lava Ustedes se lavan Ellos se lavan Ellas se lavan Me lavo las manos.

Reflexive Verbs: How to conjugate 53 Choose the pronoun (based on the subject) Conjugate the verb (based on the subject) Drop the –ar, -er, or –ir Add your ending depending on who the subject is Yo Me Nos Nosotr@s Tú Te Os Vosotr@s Él/Ella/Usted Se Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes -ar verbs -er verbs -ir verbs -o -amos -as -aís -a -an -o -emos -es -eís -e -en -o -imos -es -ís -e -en 1. 2.a. 2.b. I want to say “I bathe” in Spanish. bañarse me bañar me bañ___me baño

53 Tener (to have) tengo tenemos tienes tenéis tiene tienen

Tener Idioms 53 In Spanish there are many idioms or expressions that start with the verb tener. tener…años tener calor tener ganas de + infinitive tener suerte tener éxito tener razón tener cuidado tener hambre tener sed tener frío tener sueño tener prisa tener que + infinitive ¡Ojo! In English, many of these expressions use verbs other than “to have” in English.

ir (to go) voy vamos vas vaís va van 53 ir (to go) voy vamos vas vaís va van To say you are going to a place, you have to use a Voy a la biblioteca. Ella va al parque.

The Simple Future: Ir a + infinitive 53 The simple future is how you say what you are going to do in the future. To form the simple future, use… A form of ir (depending on the subject): Infinitive of a verb ir (to go) voy vamos vas vaís va van Such as a hablar vivir estudiar comer escribir patinar correr

Present Progressive estar + -ando/-iendo 53 In Spanish, the present Progressive is formed by using a conjugated form of estar followed by the present participle. The present participles in Spanish are: estar + -ando/-iendo Present Participles -ar -er -ir -ando -iendo

Direct Objects & Direct Object Pronouns 53 Verbs can be followed by direct objects, the person or thing receiving the action of the verb. Rafaela pone la mesa. Rafaela sets the table. Siempre pido la sopa. I always order soup. A direct object can be a noun or a pronoun.

Direct Objects & Direct Object Pronouns 53 Use direct object pronouns to avoid repeating nouns that have already been mentioned. These pronouns must agree with the nouns they stand for.   ¿Quién va a pedir el flan? -Yo lo voy a pedir. Who is going to order flan? -I am going to order it. Masculine Feminine Singular lo him/it la her/it Plural los them las them

Direct Objects & Direct Object Pronouns 53 Direct object pronouns go before the conjugated verb. ¿Quién prepara los sándwiches? Yo los preparo. If there is an infinitive in the sentence, the pronouns go before the conjugated verb OR are attached to the end of the infinitive. ¿Quién va a preparar la cena? Mi padre la va a preparar. Mi padre va a prepararla.

Commands 53 A command tells a person or group of people what to do or what not to do. An affirmative command tells someone what to do. An informal (or tú) command is used when you are talking to one person AND you would normally address him/her with tú

Forming commands To form an affirmative tú command: 53 To form an affirmative tú command: Conjugate the verb in the tú form and Drop the “s” bailar - to dance Bailas. - You dance. ¡Baila! - Dance!

An easy way to remember is… 53 Vin Diesel has ten weapons. Yo, I got ten weapons. Venir  ven (come) Decir  di (say/tell) Salir  sal (leave) Hacer  haz (make) Tener  ten (have) Ir  ve (go) Poner  pon (put) Ser  sé (be)

To form a negative tú command… 53 Negative Command Rap – Put it in the “yo” form, Drop the “-o,” Add the opposite ending, And your ready to go.

Irregular Negative Tú Command 53 These irregulars are different Ser  no seas (Don’t be!) Ir  no vayas (Don’t go!) Dar  no des (Don’t give!) Estar  no estés (Don’t be!) Saber  no sepas (Don’t know!*) Think SIDES

Spelling changes 53 Verbs that end in -car , -gar or -zar have a spelling change in the negative tú command. Can you figure out why?

Pronounce the following words to yourself 53 calor cena queque calor (k) vs. cena (s) vs. queque (k) so c qu This change happens in the NEGATIVE tú command for verbs that end in –car Sacar  no saques la basura (Don’t take out the trash!) Why only in the negative tú command?

Pronounce the following words to yourself 53 gato gente Aguilar gato (g) vs. gente (h) vs. Aguilar (g) so g gu No pagar  no pagues (Don’t pay!) Again this happens in the negative (not affirmative) tú command.

For verbs that end in –zar z c 53 For verbs that end in –zar z c No empezar  no empieces (Don’t start!)

Writing Activity – INB pg 52 Write a letter to a friend who moved to another city a few years ago. Describe a new friend you made by giving two physical characteristics and two personality traits. Also, tell two things that your friend does every morning and two things that you and your new friend like to do on the weekends.