Industrialization and Its Consequences 1750-1914 CE Big Era Seven Industrialization and Its Consequences 1750-1914 CE

Contents Under Pressure To: Mundo CAUTION: Contents Under Pressure Contents under pressure…I wonder what’s inside? A package! I love packages!

Contents Under Pressure The Modern Revolution To: Mundo CAUTION: Contents Under Pressure Communication Revolution Democratic Politics Fossil Fuels

Communication Revolution The Modern Revolution Communication Revolution Democratic Politics Fossil Fuels Quite a package! But how did these changes get all bundled up together?

For starters, in Big Era Seven human population was increasing faster than ever before!

World Population, 400 BCE - 2000 CE

But the growth was not equal everywhere! World Population in Big Era Seven But the growth was not equal everywhere! .

Population in Millions % of World Population 1750 141 19.3 1850 292 World Population of People of European Descent in Europe, the United States, and Canada combined. Year Population in Millions % of World Population 1750 141 19.3 1850 292 25.0 1900 482 30.0 For example, the population of European descent in these three regions grew significantly between 1750 and 1900.

Growth of the Population of Boston 1690 - 7,000 158% 3,010% 1790 - 18,038 Background photo: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts 1900 - 560,892

Not only was the human population growing, it was moving.

Migration from Europe from 1750 or earlier Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2002 © 1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

Continuing Atlantic slave trade after 1750 Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2002 © 1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

Labor migration from Asia mainly after 1750 Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2002 © 1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

Major Global Migrations Europeans overseas including Siberia 1820-1930 55-60,000,000 Africans to the Americas 1811-1870 1,900,000 Asians overseas 1850-1920 2,500,000

And humans dealt with this need by using fossil fuels. Watch! But a growing population meant that human need for resources—for energy—was growing, too. And humans dealt with this need by using fossil fuels. Watch!

Small wax candle, 800 BCE 5 watts http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/Shared/News2000/Flames/candle-earth.jpg Vaclav Smil, Energy in World History (Boulder CO: Westview Press, 1994), 268. 5 watts

Parson’s turbine, 1884 CE 100,000 watts http://www-g.eng.cam.ac.uk/125/noflash/1875-1900/parsons.html Vaclav Smil, Energy in World History (Boulder CO: Westview Press, 1994), 269. 100,000 watts

Communication Revolution Contents Under Pressure The Modern Revolution Fossil Fuels Democratic Politics Communication Revolution That’s in the Package! To: Mundo CAUTION: Contents Under Pressure

The Fossil Fuel Revolution The biological old regime ends when vast new sources of energy come into use: Coal Electricity Gas Petroleum Nuclear

By taking energy from fossil fuels like coal instead of biomass like wood… Vaclav Smil, Energy in World History (Boulder CO: Westview Press, 1994), 162.

The Fossil Fuel Revolution Over millions of years, ancient forests change into peat, then coal.

and with better and better steam engines to harness coal’s energy… Image: http://www.hw.ac.uk/mecWWW/watt.jpg

People could produce more efficiently. http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/history/core/pics/0253/img0053.jpg Power loom weaving Lancashire, 1835

In Britain coal mines were close to factories and cities In Britain coal mines were close to factories and cities. In China coal mines were far from factories and cities. How might history have been different if the closest sources of coal available to Britain were, say, in the Carpathian Mountains of southeastern Europe?

Coal mine in the Rhondda valley in Wales

And travel more quickly. Robert Fulton’s Clermont steamship 1807 http://www.mscb.ch/dampf/bilder/clermont.jpg Robert Fulton’s Clermont steamship 1807

And travel more quickly George Stephenson’s “Rocket” steam locomotive http://www.sdrm.org/history/timeline/rocket-1.jpg George Stephenson’s “Rocket” steam locomotive 1829

The increasing power of steam engines in Big Era Seven Chart: Vaclav Smil, Energy in World History (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1994), 164.

The Industrial Revolution Fossil fuel energy in production and transportation British Factory: http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/history/core/pics/0253/img0053.jpg Clermont: http://www.mscb.ch/dampf/bilder/clermont.jpg Rocket: http://www.sdrm.org/history/timeline/rocket-1.jpg

The Industrial Revolution allowed for new global economic relationships.

Cotton exports from agrarian economies to industrial economies Russia U.S.A. India Egypt Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2002 © 1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Cotton exports from agrarian economies to industrial economies

Textile exports from industrial to agrarian economies Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2002 © 1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Textile exports from industrial to agrarian economies

Old limits on how much energy people could use were gone! And in Big Era Seven people tore down other limits too…

People should be able to buy and sell land freely. New economic ideas People should be able to buy and sell land freely. People should be able to buy and sell labor freely. People should be able to buy and sell goods freely. Encyclopedia Britannica Macropedia, 15th ed., v. 27 (2002), p. 312 Adam Smith argued for ideas like these in his book The Wealth of Nations (1776).

But what did governments need to do to make these ideas work? New economic ideas People should be able to buy and sell land freely. People should be able to buy and sell labor freely. People should be able to buy and sell goods freely. But what did governments need to do to make these ideas work? Sounds great!

Standardize weights and measures. http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist1/rail.html http://www.surgical-tutor.org.uk/default-home.htm?surgeons/lister.htm~right Build railroads, ports, and telegraphs. Improve public health.

Transcontinental railroad Metric system 1790 http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist1/rail.html http://www.surgical-tutor.org.uk/default-home.htm?surgeons/lister.htm~right Transcontinental railroad 1869 Antiseptic medicine 1867

And while that happened, people’s ideas about government changed, too! In Big Era Seven, government played a greater role than ever before in people’s lives.

Tom Paine argued for these ideas in Common Sense New political ideas: People should be free to choose their government. Government should protect people’s liberties. People should have equal rights. Encyclopedia Americana, v. 21 (1999) p. 204 Tom Paine argued for these ideas in Common Sense (1775)

A nation should be free to choose its government. New political ideas A nation should be free to choose its government. Government should protect people’s liberties. People should have equal rights. Sounds democratic!

Contents Under Pressure The Modern Revolution Fossil Fuels Democratic Politics Communication Revolution It’s in the package too! To: Mundo CAUTION: Contents Under Pressure

Governments wrote constitutions. Governments created representative institutions. Ottoman students: http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/I?ils:4:./temp/~pp_BkH5::displayType=1:m856sd=cph:m856sf=3b28799:@@@ Constitution: http://www.law.utah.edu/library/ David’s Tennis Court Oath image: http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/633/ Governments promoted education.

United States Constitution 1787 French National Assembly 1789 Ottoman students: http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/I?ils:4:./temp/~pp_BkH5::displayType=1:m856sd=cph:m856sf=3b28799:@@@ Constitution: http://www.law.utah.edu/library/ David’s Tennis Court Oath image: http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/633/ Ottoman Turkish Regulations for Public Education 1869

What happened if governments wouldn’t make these changes themselves?

The Atlantic Revolutions Change the government! The Atlantic Revolutions United States 1776 France 1789 Venezuela 1811 Haiti 1791 Jefferson: http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/tj3.html Danton: Encyclopedia Americana 1999 v. 8 p. 491 Toussaint L’Ouverture: www.cobblestonepub.com/.../ ToussaintArticle.html Bolívar: Encyclopedia Americana, v. 4 (1999), p. 161

In each country, people struggled over liberty, equality, and nationalism. United States 1776 France 1789 Venezuela 1811 Haiti 1791 Jefferson: http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/tj3.html Danton: Encyclopedia Americana 1999 v. 8 p. 491 Toussaint L’Ouverture: www.cobblestonepub.com/.../ ToussaintArticle.html Bolívar: Encyclopedia Americana, v. 4 (1999), p. 161

Ascendancy of Liberalism What was it in the 19th century?

Ascendancy of Liberalism Are the political and economic tendencies in these two boxes compatible or inconsistent? Rational thought and behavior Civil freedoms and legal equality Rule of law Constitutional and limited government The right to vote and be educated Technical and scientific progress Free market economy Nationalism that advances the community of nations Enhancement of state power and centralization Increased state military and police power State-managed social welfare More efficient taxation State economic management Larger-scale economic enterprise Imperial conquest and authoritarian rule over colonized Exclusivist or xenophobic nationalism

Were these four 19th-century leaders champions of Liberalism? Mahmud II 1808-1839 Napoleon Bonaparte 1799-1815 William Gladstone 1868-94 Porfirio Díaz 1876-1911

So much was changing so fast… How could people keep up?

People moved more quickly. Ideas moved more quickly.

The Communication Revolution Steamboat Railroad Transatlantic cable Newspaper

One hour of optimum travel: Walking - 5 km Horse-drawn coach - 10 km The Speed Revolution One hour of optimum travel: Walking - 5 km Horse-drawn coach - 10 km Railway locomotive (1847) - 96 km Normannia steamship (1890) - 40 km French rapid train - 297 km Jet plane - 1000 km Source: Vaclav Smil, Energy in World History, 238.

Railway Development in Europe 1840 1850

Railway Development in Europe 1880

Railway Construction in India 1853-1931

Communication Revolution The Modern Revolution Communication Revolution Democratic Politics Fossil Fuels Communication! It’s in the package! To: Mundo CAUTION: Contents Under Pressure

World Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Dollars The Modern Revolution meant powerful economic growth in the world as a whole. Chart data adapted from Angus Maddison, The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective (Paris: Development Centre of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001), 261. World Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Dollars as valued in 1990

The countries which modernized first used it to their advantage. Powerful, but not equal.

The Modern Revolution shifted the world’s economic center. Chart data adapted from Angus Maddison, The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective (Paris: Development Centre of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001), 263. Percentage of World GDP Western Europe and North America vs. Asia

After the Modern Revolution, much more food went on the world market… Mike Davis, Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World (New York: Verso, 2001), 45. India, 1877

and it was often shipped to where it got the highest price, Mike Davis, Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World (New York: Verso, 2001), 45. India, 1877

not to where it was needed most. Mike Davis, Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World (New York: Verso, 2001), 52.

And industrial technology could be used not only to create, but to destroy. http://memory.loc.gov/master/pnp/cph/3a00000/3a03000/3a03500/3a03511u.tif

And more of the world was colonized than ever before. http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/1907powr.htm

Battle of Omdurman, Sudan, 1898 http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0027379.html Sudanese dead, 10,000 British dead, 48

Land surface of the world controlled by Europeans: The European Moment Land surface of the world controlled by Europeans: 1800 35% 1878 67% 1914 88% But . . . duration of European world domination in the past 2000 years: 80 yrs

Some elites around the world tried to adopt parts of the Modern Revolution to strengthen their own governments. Japan Egypt Meiji: http://perso.club-internet.fr/setzer/tokugawa/images/meiji.jpg Aleksander II: http://www.pbs.org/weta/faceofrussia/timeline/1800/img/1861.jpg. Porfirio Díaz: Encyclopedia Britannica Micropedia 15th ed., v. 4 (2002), p. 70 Muhammad Ali: unknown Russia Mexico

Maintain independence. Modernize the army. Modernize the economy. Maintain independence. Japan Egypt Meiji: http://perso.club-internet.fr/setzer/tokugawa/images/meiji.jpg Aleksander II: http://www.pbs.org/weta/faceofrussia/timeline/1800/img/1861.jpg. Porfirio Díaz: Encyclopedia Britannica Micropedia 15th ed., v. 4 (2002), p. 70 Muhammad Ali: unknown Russia Mexico

The Modern Revolution Fossil Fuels Democratic Politics Communication Revolution But the Modern Revolution comes in a package! To: Mundo CAUTION: Contents Under Pressure

The Modern Revolution Communication Revolution Democratic Politics Once you open the package, you open the whole thing! Communication Revolution Democratic Politics Fossil Fuels To: Mundo CAUTION: Contents Under Pressure

People who traveled to learn about one part of the Modern Revolution, like fossil fuels,…. British Factory: http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/history/core/pics/0253/img0053.jpg Japanese Factory: Bentley v. 2 p. 866 Clermont: http://www.mscb.ch/dampf/bilder/clermont.jpg Rocket: http://www.sdrm.org/history/timeline/rocket-1.jpg

also learned about the democratic part of the Modern Revolution. Jefferson: http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/tj3.html Danton: Encyclopedia Americana 1999 v. 8 p. 491 Toussaint L’Ouverture: www.cobblestonepub.com/.../ ToussaintArticle.html Bolívar: Encyclopedia Americana, v. 4 (1999), p. 161

And they didn’t keep the ideas to themselves And they didn’t keep the ideas to themselves. They communicated them, because it was all part of the package. Clermont: http://www.mscb.ch/dampf/bilder/clermont.jpg Rocket: http://www.sdrm.org/history/timeline/rocket-1.jpg Newspaper: http://memory.loc.gov/pnp/fsa/8d22000/8d22600/8d22696u.tif Transatlantic cable: D. Christian’s Industrial Rev. ppt from Big History Course

And powerful elites who wanted to modernize in some ways did not count on people demanding the democratic part of the package. Meiji: http://perso.club-internet.fr/setzer/tokugawa/images/meiji.jpg Aleksander II: http://www.pbs.org/weta/faceofrussia/timeline/1800/img/1861.jpg. Porfirio Díaz: Encyclopedia Britannica Micropedia 15th ed., v. 4 (2002), p. 70 Muhammad Ali: unknown

Communication Revolution Contents Under Pressure The Modern Revolution Fossil Fuels Democratic Politics Communication Revolution I get it! To: Mundo CAUTION: Contents Under Pressure

Contents Under Pressure To: Mundo CAUTION: Contents Under Pressure

The Modern Revolution promises many things to many people. No wonder the package is under pressure!

And once the package is opened, the whole world jumps in! To: Mundo CAUTION: Contents Under Pressure

Contents Under Pressure To: Mundo CAUTION: Contents Under Pressure

Big Era Seven The End