Strategi dan Metode Pembelajaran dalam Pendidikan Dokter Titi Savitri Prihatiningsih Bagian Pendidikan Kedokteran

The importance of Health Profession Education…. Anyone with responsibility for educating nurses, midwifes, residents, and physicians should be skilled and well informed about health profession education – as preparing these learners to provide a safe, humane and effective care for the members of our society is a heavy responsibility

The Learning Pyramid Lecture 5% Reading 10% Audiovisual 20% Average Retention Rate Lecture 5% Reading 10% Audiovisual 20% Demonstration 30% Discussion group 50% Practice by doing 75% Teach others 80% National Training Laboratories, Bethel, Maine, USA

Doctor How do ensure that your doctor achieves actual competencies? What do you claim your doctor should be able to do? How do you ensure that you will produce such a doctor?

Assumptions of Learners based on Pedagogical Model The need to know (exam) The learner’s self-concept (dependent personality) The role of experience (little) Readiness to learn (depends on teacher) Orientation to learning (subject-centred, subject content) Motivation (external)

What is wrong with Pedagogical Model? Pedagogy is the art and science of teaching children – based on assumptions about teaching learning between 7th-12th Century in Monastic School of Europe

What is Learning? Learning is a change in human capability, which can be retained, and not due to the process of growth (Gagne, 1965) Education for Capability Competency-based Education

Andragogical Model of Adult Learning 1. The Need to Know (important for life) 2. The Learner’s Self Concept (independent) 3. The Role of the Learner’s Experience (important – self identity) 4. Readiness to Learn (ready) 5. Orientation to Learning (case, problem, real life)

Constructivism Theory of Learning Merril (1991) in Smorgansbord (1997) propose the assumptions of constructivism as follows: Knowledge is constructed from experience Learning is a personal interpretation of the world Learning is an active process in which meaning is developed on the basis of experience

Constructivism Theory of Learning Conceptual growths comes from the negotiation of meaning, the sharing of multiple perspectives and the changing of our internal representations through collaborative learning Learning should be situated in realistic settings; testing should be integrated with the task and not a separate activity

Clinical Reasoning Networks Organizing memory (structure) Context information Information retrieval Pattern recognition

Illness Script Theory Expert Novice Intermediate Novice

Independent Learning A process in which: * individuals take the initiative with or without the help of Others * in diagnosing their learning needs, formulating learning goals, * identifying human and material resources * for learning, choosing and implementing appropriate learning strategies and evaluating learning outcomes (Knowles, 1975)

Metode Pembelajaran Mutakhir berdasarkan Teori Konstruktivisme Teori Ilness Script Teori Belajar Orang Dewasa

The Learning Pyramid Lecture 5% Reading 10% Audiovisual 20% Average Retention Rate Lecture 5% Reading 10% Audiovisual 20% Demonstration 30% Discussion group 50% Practice by doing 75% Teach others 80% National Training Laboratories, Bethel, Maine, USA

The Continuum of Teacher-Student Centred Participation and Responsibility of teacher Teaching orientation Learning orientation Didactic Lecture Self-study Participation and responsibility of student

The Continuum of Teacher-Student Centred Participation and Responsibility of teacher Teaching orientation Learning orientation Didactic Lecture Self-study Participation and responsibility of student

1. Problem-based Learning

The Continuum of PBL Theoretical learning Problem-orientated learning Problem-assisted learning Problem-solving learning Problem-focused learning Problem-based mixed approach Problem-initiated learning Problem-centred learning Problem-centred discovery learning Problem-based learning Task-based learning

The Continuum of PBL (1) Symbol Terminology Description Example Rul Theoretical Learning Information provided about theory Traditional lecture Problem-orientated Learning Practical Information provided Lecture with practical information Problem-assisted Learning Problem solving related to specific examples Case discussions and some activities in practical classes Rul (Th) Rul (PT) Rul (Th) Eg

The Continuum of PBL (2) Symbol Terminology Description Example Eg Rul Problem-focused learning Information provided followed by a problem, principles later Overview lecture, problem and study guide Problem-based mixed approach Combination Student can choose Problem-initiated Learning The problem is a trigger at the beginning Patient problem to interest students’ learning Rul (Th) Eg Rul (Th) Rul Eg Rul Eg Eg Rul

The Continuum of PBL (3) Symbol Terminology Description Example Problem-centred learning Problems used to introduce principles and rules A series of problems followed by information Problem-centred discovery learning Presenting the problems, followed by opportunities to derive principles Students derive principles from assignment Problem-based learning Development of principles and generalisation Problems presented and generalise to other setting Rul (sp) Eg Eg Rul (sp) Eg Rul (G)

The Continuum of PBL (4) Symbol Terminology Description Example Task-based Learning The problem is the real world Tasks undertaken by health professionals as problems Rul Eg (T)

2. Skills Lab Method

3. Experiential Learning

4. Lectures

5. Praktikum Lab

6. Kunjungan Lapangan

7. Community-based education

8. Web-based Learning

9. Patient-based learning

10. Project-based Learning

11. Virtual Learning

12. Collaborative Learning

13. Adaptive Learning

14. Learning Contract

15. Case-study

16. Practice-based Learning

The Learning Pyramid Lecture 5% Reading 10% Audiovisual 20% Average Retention Rate Lecture 5% Reading 10% Audiovisual 20% Demonstration 30% Discussion group 50% Practice by doing 75% Teach others 80% National Training Laboratories, Bethel, Maine, USA

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