Overview Who are the minorities in Europe today? Who are the minorities in Europe today? Three waves of international migrants Three waves of international migrants Refugees and asylum-seekers today Refugees and asylum-seekers today Europe’s Muslim minorities Europe’s Muslim minorities Challenges for European societies Challenges for European societies Conclusions Conclusions

Minorities in Europe Today Indigenous peoples & regional minorities Indigenous peoples & regional minorities Roma Roma Post - WWII Immigrants Post - WWII Immigrants Refugees and asylum-seekers Refugees and asylum-seekers

Minorities in Europe Today Indigenous peoples & regional minorities Indigenous peoples & regional minorities o Basque in Spain, France o Sami in Sweden, Finland, Norway o Ethnic minorities in Russian Federation & Central Eastern European countries …not part of today’s topic

Minorities in Europe Today Roma People Roma People o Roots in the Indian subcontinent Arrived in what is now Europe in the 14 th century Arrived in what is now Europe in the 14 th century Several subgroups e.g. Sinti, Kale, Romanichal, Roma Several subgroups e.g. Sinti, Kale, Romanichal, Roma Romani language still spoken by some, several dialects Romani language still spoken by some, several dialects o Historically semi-nomadic o Most Roma today settled in “camps”

Roma Social Outcomes in Europe Roma Social Outcomes in Europe Family life: young marriage, endogamy, extended family ties Family life: young marriage, endogamy, extended family ties still common among Roma still common among Roma Education: one-third complete primary school, children often Education: one-third complete primary school, children often struggle with language struggle with language Occupation: informal economy, Occupation: informal economy, agriculture, forestry, begging Poverty: highrates of poverty & Poverty: highrates of poverty & unemployment, poor health unemployment, poor health Widespread Anti-Roma prejudice: Roma = Crime Widespread Anti-Roma prejudice: Roma = Crime Minorities in Europe Today

Who are the minorities in Europe today? Who are the minorities in Europe today? o Indigenous peoples & regional minorities o Roma o Post - WWII Immigrants o Refugees and asylum-seekers

Overview Who are the minorities in Europe today? Who are the minorities in Europe today? Three waves of international migrants Three waves of international migrants

Three Waves of Migrants 1950s-70s Guestworkers & Post-Colonials 1990s-Now Waves of refugees from political upheavals and war in Europe, Africa, Middle East 2004-now New Labor Migrants

First Wave, WWII – 1970s Germany: Guestworkers from Turkey …also Greece, Italy, Spain, Yugoslavia Netherlands, Austria, even Sweden: Guestworkers from Morocco and Turkey

First Wave, WWII – 1970s U.K. invited workers from the former British empire e.g. India, Pakistan, Jamaica MV Empire Windrush 1948 Trafalgar Square, 1960s