Chemistry The Four States of Matter Matter can be defined as anything that takes up space, has mass, and has inertia. Chemistry is the study of matter and its interactions. This is an introduction to the most basic categories of matter. Chumbler - Properties of Matter

The Four States of Matter Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma The most basic classification scheme of matter is based on the states of solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. Of these the least discussed in most texts is plasma even though it is the most abundant of all states. 99% of all matter in the universe is plasma. Chumbler - Properties of Matter

States of Matter The Four States of Matter Basis of Classification of the Four Types Based upon particle arrangement Based upon energy of particles Based upon distance between particles The different states of matter are categorized by the arrangement and energy of the particles at normal temperatures and pressures. The state of matter can be altered by adding or removing energy and/or pressure which can affect the arrangement and energy of the particles. Chumbler - Properties of Matter

Chumbler - Properties of Matter States of Matter Solids Particles of solids are tightly packed, vibrating about a fixed position. Solids have a definite shape and a definite volume. Solids have an infinite number of free surfaces. Chumbler - Properties of Matter

Chumbler - Properties of Matter States of Matter Two Types of Solids Crystalline and Amorphous Crystalline have a very orderly, 3-D arrangement of particles. Amorphous solids are made of particles that are in no special order. Chumbler - Properties of Matter

Solids Particle Movement Examples States of Matter Solids Particle Movement Examples Chumbler - Properties of Matter

Chumbler - Properties of Matter States of Matter Liquids Particles of liquids are tightly packed, but are far enough apart to slide over one another. Liquids have an indefinite shape and a definite volume. Liquids take the shape of any container it is put in. Chumbler - Properties of Matter

Chumbler - Properties of Matter States of Matter Liquids cont. The particles in liquids move fast enough to overcome some of the attractions between them. Realize that the particles in a liquid state are still very close together; they just slide past each other.   Liquids have two properties Surface Tension – is a force that acts on the particles at the surface of a liquid, which cause spherical drops Viscosity – is a liquids resistance to flow, the stronger attraction between liquid particles the more viscous the liquid. Chumbler - Properties of Matter

Liquids Particle Movement Examples States of Matter Liquids Particle Movement Examples Chumbler - Properties of Matter

Chumbler - Properties of Matter States of Matter Gases Gas is the state in which matter changes in both shape and volume Particles in a gas move very fast and are very far apart and move freely. Gases have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume. Chumbler - Properties of Matter

Chumbler - Properties of Matter State of Matter Boyle’s Law – state that for a fixed amount of gas at a constant temperature, the volume of the gas increases as its pressure decreases Charles Law - states that for a fixed amount of gas at a constant pressure, the volume of the gas increases as the temperature of the gas increases Chumbler - Properties of Matter

Gases Particle Movement Examples States of Matter Gases Particle Movement Examples Particles of a gas move randomly and must be contained from all surfaces. Chumbler - Properties of Matter

Chumbler - Properties of Matter States of Matter Plasma Plasma is the state of matter that does not have a definite shape or volume. A plasma is a very good conductor of electricity and is affected by magnetic fields. Plasmas conduct electric current, while gases do not. In a plasma the electrons have been stripped away from the central nucleus. Therefore, a plasma consists of a sea of ions and electrons and is a very good conductor of electricity and is affected by magnetic fields. Electrons are separated from their respective nucleus when enough heat is applied. In a controlled thermonuclear fusion research, plasmas are heated to over 100 million degrees. Chumbler - Properties of Matter

Chumbler - Properties of Matter States of Matter Plasma Particles The negatively charged electrons (yellow) are freely streaming through the positively charged ions (blue). The negatively charged electrons (yellow) are freely streaming through the positively charged ions (blue). Chumbler - Properties of Matter

Chumbler - Properties of Matter States of Matter Plasma Examples Plasma can be found in stars, fluorescent light bulbs, Cathode Ray Tubes, neon signs, and lightening. Chumbler - Properties of Matter

Chumbler - Properties of Matter States of Matter Microscopic Explanation for Properties of Solids Solids have a definite shape and a definite volume because the particles are locked into place Solids are not easily compressible because there is little free space between particles Solids do not flow easily because the particles cannot move/slide past one another Chumbler - Properties of Matter

Chumbler - Properties of Matter States of Matter Microscopic Explanation for Properties of Liquids Liquids have an indefinite shape because the particles can slide past one another. Liquids are not easily compressible and have a definite volume because there is little free space between particles. Liquids flow easily because the particles can move/slide past one another. Chumbler - Properties of Matter

Chumbler - Properties of Matter States of Matter Microscopic Explanation for Properties of Gases Gases have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume because the particles can move past one another. Gases are easily compressible because there is a great deal of free space between particles. Gases flow very easily because the particles randomly move past one another. Chumbler - Properties of Matter

Chumbler - Properties of Matter States of Matter Microscopic Explanation for Properties of Plasmas Plasmas have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume because the particles can move past one another. Plasmas are easily compressible because there is a great deal of free space between particles. Plasmas are good conductors of electricity and are affected by magnetic fields because they are composed of ions (negatively charged electrons and positively charged nuclei). In a plasma the electrons have been stripped away from the central nucleus. Therefore, a plasma consists of a sea of ions and electrons and is a very good conductor of electricity and is affected by magnetic fields. Electrons are separated from their respective nucleus when enough heat is applied. In a controlled thermonuclear fusion research, plasmas are heated to over 100 million degrees. Chumbler - Properties of Matter

States of Matter The Four States of Matter The Classification and Properties of Matter Depend Upon Microscopic Structure Particle arrangement Particle energy Particle to particle distance The different states of matter are categorized by the arrangement and energy of the particles at normal temperatures and pressures. The state of matter can be altered by adding or removing energy and/or pressure which can affect the arrangement and energy of the particles. Chumbler - Properties of Matter

Chumbler - Properties of Matter Change of State Is the change of a substance from one physical form to another All changes of state are physical changes Particles of a substance have different amount of energy Chumbler - Properties of Matter

Chumbler - Properties of Matter Melting Is the change of state from a solid to a liquid The temperature at which a substance changes from a solid to a liquid is the melting point Melting is an endothermic change because energy is gained by the sub. Chumbler - Properties of Matter

Chumbler - Properties of Matter Freezing Is the change of state from a liquid to a solid The temperature at which a substance changes into a solid is the freezing a point Freezing is an exothermic change because energy is removed from or taken out of… Freezing point of water is 0oC Chumbler - Properties of Matter

Is the change of state from a liquid to a gas 2 types of Vaporization i. Boiling Point – occurs when a boiling point is reached 1. BP for water is 100oC ii. Evaporation- occurs below the boiling point

Chumbler - Properties of Matter Condensation Is the change of state from a gas to a liquid Example: beads of ice on a glass of water Chumbler - Properties of Matter

Chumbler - Properties of Matter Sublimation Is the change of state from a solid directly to a gas Example: Dry ice Chumbler - Properties of Matter