Pragmatics II n Non-Literal Communication

Pragmatics II n Non-Literal Communication n Overstatement: No one understands me. A pig wouldn’t eat this food.

Pragmatics II n Non-Literal Communication n Overstatement: No one understands me. A pig wouldn’t eat this food. n Irony or sarcasm: Boy, this food is great! (terrible)

Pragmatics II n Non-Literal Communication n Overstatement: No one understands me. A pig wouldn’t eat this food. n Irony or sarcasm: Boy, this food is great! (terrible) n Figures of speech: I’ve got three hands (workers) here to help.

Pragmatics II n Non-Literal Communication n The hearer can recognize that the speaker is saying something which is contextually inappropriate, and therefore non-literal

Pragmatics II n Indirect Communication

Pragmatics II n Indirect Communication –The door is over there. (asking someone to leave) –I’m sure the cat likes having its tail pulled. (requesting someone to stop pulling the cat’s tail) –I should never have done that. (used to apologize)

Pragmatics II n Proverbs

Pragmatics II n Proverbs –Let sleeping dogs lie. –Don’t cry over spilled milk. –Look before you leap. –Every cloud has a silver lining. –Absence makes the heart grow fonder.

Pragmatics II n Proverbs –Let sleeping dogs lie. –Don’t cry over spilled milk. –Look before you leap. –Every cloud has a silver lining. –Absence makes the heart grow fonder. n We use proverbs to distance ourselves from the advice they give.

Pragmatics II n Message Model vs. Inferential Theories (Conclusion) –The Message Model gives us the basic format for communication (message encoded by speaker, transmitted through sound, then decoded by hearer.

Pragmatics II n Message Model vs. Inferential Theories (Conclusion) –The Message Model gives us the basic format for communication (message encoded by speaker, transmitted through sound, then decoded by hearer. –Inferential Theories allow us to analyze the quality of the both the encoding and decoding process via communicative strategies.

Pragmatics II n Discourse and Conversation

Pragmatics II n Discourse and Conversation –Language and context: the social, physical environment in which a speaker finds himself.

Pragmatics II n Discourse and Conversation –Language and context: the social, physical environment in which a speaker finds himself. –Openings: attention getting utterances (Hey! What the! Hello! Sup?)

Pragmatics II n Discourse and Conversation –Language and context: the social, physical environment in which a speaker finds himself. –Openings: attention getting utterances (Hey! What the! Hello! Sup?) –Turn talking: (P1) The speaker selects the next speaker; (P2) The first to speak becomes the speaker; (P3) The speaker continues his own remarks.

Pragmatics II n Discourse and Conversation –Closings n Preclosing: We-ell, it’s been nice seeing you. n Closing: See you. Good-bye.

Pragmatics II n Special Topics

Pragmatics II n Special Topics –Performatives: certain words or utterances made by certain people in certain circumstances actually do something: “I do” said at a wedding

Pragmatics II n Special Topics –Speech Acts:

Pragmatics II n Special Topics –Speech Acts: n Utterance acts: shouting, whispering, murmuring

Pragmatics II n Special Topics –Speech Acts: n Utterance acts: shouting, whispering, murmuring n Illocutionary acts: promising, reporting, asking

Pragmatics II n Special Topics –Speech Acts: n Utterance acts: shouting, whispering, murmuring n Illocutionary acts: promising, reporting, asking n Perlocutionary acts: intimidating, persuading, deceiving.

Pragmatics II n Special Topics –Speech Acts: n Utterance acts: shouting, whispering, murmuring n Illocutionary acts: promising, reporting, asking n Perlocutionary acts: intimidating, persuading, deceiving. n Propositional acts: referring, prediction

Pragmatics II n Special Topics –Speaker meaning: The agent intended the utterance of x to produce some effect in an audience by means of the recognition of this intention.

Pragmatics II n Special Topics –Speaker meaning: The agent intended the utterance of x to produce some effect in an audience by means of the recognition of this intention. –Saying: operative meaning of the utterance; the time of utterance; what the subject is being used to refer to.

Pragmatics II n Special Topics –Implication: n Questioner: Where is your husband? n Speaker: He is in the living room or the kitchen. n Implication: The speaker doesn’t know where he is.