Chapter 11 Nuclear Chemistry
11 | 2 Nuclear Chemistry cont’d What is nuclear chemistry? The study of reactions that result from changes in the nucleus of an atom
11 | 3 Nuclear Chemistry cont’d In nuclear chemistry specific atoms are called…… …….. nuclides. Nuclides are identified by two types of notation: 1.Nuclear Symbol 2.Element name-mass number
11 | 4 Nuclear Chemistry cont’d This is an example of a nuclear symbol.
11 | 5 Nuclear Chemistry cont’d The nuclear symbol can also be expressed as shown.
11 | 6 Nuclear Chemistry cont’d Practice Questions Write two notations for a nuclide that has: a.41 protons, 41 electrons, 55 neutrons b.11 protons, 11 electrons, 14 neutrons
11 | 7 Radioactive Decay
11 | 8 Nuclides are either stable or unstable Unstable nuclides (or radionuclides) undergo radioactive decay.
11 | 9 Radioactive decay is a nuclear reaction that emits radiation while changing the nuclide of one element into another.
11 | 10 For example; the silver- 113 radionuclide decays to cadmium- 113 with the emission of a beta particle and gamma rays.
11 | 11 Types of Natural Radioactive Emission
11 | 12 Three major types of natural radioactive emission: Beta particle (an electron from the nucleus) Alpha particle( the nucleus of a He atom) Gamma rays (energy similar to x-rays )
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 | 13 Nuclear Chemistry cont’d
Let’s look at Half-life
11 | 15 Nuclear Chemistry cont’d The half-life of a radionuclide is the time required for ½ of it to decay. Half-life is frequently given the symbol t 1/2.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 | 16 Nuclear Chemistry cont’d
Half-life Decay Graph for 80 mg of Iodine-131
Equation to Determine Final Mass of a Radionuclide
Practice Problem I : How many grams of cobalt -60 is left when 2.0 g of it decays for 15.9 years? It t 1/2 is 5.3 years.
Practice Problem II : What is the t 1/2 for the radionuclide potassium-45 ( a beta emitter) if a 50mg sample decays to 5.3 years.
Let’s look at the Biochemical Effects of Radiation
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 | 22 Nuclear Chemistry cont’d Degree of Penetration by BAG Radiation
11 | 23 NPenuclear Chemistry cont’d Alpha.. No damage to skin.. Why? ( greatest damage when ingested… Why?) Beta ….. Severe burns to skin… Why? Gamma….. Severe damage to skin and internal organs….. Why?
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 | 24
This is the last powerpoint slide in this chapter
This is the last powerpoint slide in this chapter
→Fig Ernest Rutherford was the first person to carry out a bombardment reaction. Nuclear Chemistry cont’d
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 | 28 →Table 11.2 Nuclear Chemistry cont’d
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 | 29 CC 11.1 Tobacco Radioactivity Nuclear Chemistry cont’d
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 | 30 →Fig In the U-238 decay series, each nuclide is unstable except Pb Nuclear Chemistry cont’d
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 | 31 ←Fig Ion pair formation. Nuclear Chemistry cont’d
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 | 32 →CC 11.2 Irridated and nonradiated mushrooms Nuclear Chemistry cont’d © Peticolas/Megna/Fundamental Photographs, NYC
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 | 33 ←Fig Film badges are used to determine a person’s exposure to radiation. Nuclear Chemistry cont’d Doug Plummer/Photo Researchers
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 | 34 Fig Radiation passing through a Geiger counter ionizes one or more gas atoms, producing ion pairs. Nuclear Chemistry cont’d
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 | 35 ←Fig Components of the estimated annual radiation of an average American. Nuclear Chemistry cont’d
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 | 36 →CC A commercially available kit to test for radon gas in the home. Nuclear Chemistry cont’d
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 | 37 ←Fig Brain scans are obtained using radioactive technetium-99, a laboratory-produced radionuclide. Nuclear Chemistry cont’d Science Photo/Custom Medical Stock Photo
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 | 38 ←Table 11.4 Nuclear Chemistry cont’d
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 | 39 Table 11.5 Nuclear Chemistry cont’d
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 | 40 →Fig Cobalt-60 is used as a source of gamma radiation in radiation therapy. Nuclear Chemistry cont’d Yoav Levy/Phototake
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 | 41 ←Fig A fission chain reaction is caused by further reaction of the neutrons produced during fission. Nuclear Chemistry cont’d
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 | 42 →Fig Enormous amounts of energy are released in the explosion of a nuclear fission bomb. Nuclear Chemistry cont’d © Bettmann/CORBIS
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 | 43 ←Fig The cooling tower at the Trojan nuclear power plant dominates the landscape. The nuclear reactor is housed in the dome- shaped enclosure. Nuclear Chemistry cont’d © Albert J. Copley/Visuals Unlimited
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 | 44 →Fig The process of nuclear fusion maintains the interior of the sun at the temperature of approximately 15 million degrees. Nuclear Chemistry cont’d NASA
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 | 45 Nuclear Chemistry cont’d CAG 11.2
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 | 46 →CO 11.1 Associated with brain- scan technology is the use of small amounts of radioactive substances. Nuclear Chemistry cont’d PhotoDisc
←Fig Marie Curie, one of the pioneers in the study of radioactivity, is the first person to have been awarded two Nobel Prizes for scientific work. Nuclear Chemistry cont’d
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 | 48 →Table 11.6 Nuclear Chemistry cont’d