CSCE 2100: Computing Foundations 1 Intro to Advanced C++ Ian Parberry Summer 2013

Some Advanced C++ Topics Templates Example: Templated stack Operator overloading Example: Complex numbers Copy constructors Example: Multidimensional vectors More examples CImageFileNameList Arbitrary precision integers

Templates

What We Can Do Already: A Stack of ints class StackClass{ private: int *value; //data in stack int count; //number of elements int size; //maximum number of elements allowed public: StackClass(int s); //constructor StackClass(); //destructor void reset(); //clear the stack void push(int v); //push v onto stack int pop(); //delete and return top }; //StackClass

Stack of ints StackClass::StackClass(int s){ value = new int[s]; size = s; count = 0; } //constructor StackClass::~StackClass(){ delete [] value; } //destructor void StackClass::reset(){ count = 0; } //reset

Stack of ints void StackClass::push(int v){ if(count < size) value[count++] = v; } //push int StackClass::pop(){ if(count > 0) return(value[--count]); else return 0; } //pop

Multiple Types of Stack But what if I also want a stack of floats, or a stack of strings? Do I really want to make three different stack classes? Tedious to build, difficult to maintain. All we want to do is change the red ints. Answer: Templates.

Stack of <stackelement>s template <class stackelement> class StackClass{ private: stackelement *value; //data in stack int count; //number of elements int size; //maximum number of elements allowed public: StackClass(int s); //constructor StackClass(); //destructor void reset(); //clear the stack void push(stackelement v); //push v onto stack stackelement pop(); //delete & return top }; //StackClass

Stack of <stackelement>s template<class stackelement> StackClass<stackelement>::StackClass(int s){ value = new stackelement[s]; size = s; count = 0; } //constructor template<class stackelement> StackClass<stackelement>::StackClass::~StackClass(){ delete [] value; } //destructor template<class stackelement> void StackClass<stackelement>::reset(){ count = 0; } //reset

Stack of <stackelement>s template<class stackelement> void StackClass<stackelement>::push(stackelement v){ if(count<size) value[count++] = v; } //push template<class stackelement> stackelement StackClass<stackelement>::pop(){ if(count>0) return(value[--count]); else return 0; } //pop

Declaration of Templated Stack const int STACKSIZE = 42; StackClass<double> stack0(STACKSIZE); StackClass<float> stack1(STACKSIZE); StackClass<int> stack2(STACKSIZE); StackClass<char> stack3(STACKSIZE); class longint{ //my own long integer class … }; StackClass<longint> stack4(STACKSIZE);

Operator Overloading

Operator Overloading C++ gives you the power to define operators such as * and + on your own classes. This is called operator overloading. class complex{ //complex number private: double imaginary, real; public: complex(double r=0.0, double i=0.0); friend complex operator+(complex, complex); friend complex& operator+=(complex&, complex); friend ostream& operator<<(ostream&,complex x); }; //complex

Complex Numbers complex::complex(double r, double i){ imaginary = i; real = r; } //constructor complex operator+(complex first, complex second){ return complex(first.real + second.real, first.imaginary + second.imaginary); } //overloaded +

Complex Numbers complex& operator+=(complex& x, complex y){ x.imaginary += y.imaginary; x.real += y.real; return x; } //overloaded += ostream& operator<<(ostream& output_stream, complex x){ output_stream << "(" << x.real << "," << x.imaginary << ")"; return output_stream; } //overloaded output

Complex Numbers int main(){ complex a(1,2), b(3,4), c; c = a + b; cout << c; //outputs (4,6) c += a; cout << c; //outputs (5,8) return 0; } //main

Copy Constructors

A Vector Class New New Not just friends any more. const int VECSIZE = 4; //vector dimension class vector{ private: int *data; public: vector(); //constructor ~vector(); //destructor vector(vector&); //copy constructor friend ostream& operator<<(ostream&, vector); friend istream& operator>>(istream&, vector&); vector operator=(const vector&); vector operator+=(vector); friend vector operator+(vector, vector); }; //vector New New Not just friends any more.

Vector Constructor and Destructor vector::vector(){ //constructor data = new int[VECSIZE]; for(int i=0; i<VECSIZE; i++) data[i] = 0; } //constructor vector::~vector(){ //destructor delete [] data; } //destructor

Remember This?

Remember This?

Remember This?

Copy Constructor for Vectors vector::vector(vector& v){ data = new int[VECSIZE]; for(int i=0; i<VECSIZE; i++) data[i] = v.data[i]; } //copy constructor

Overloaded Assignment for Vectors vector vector::operator=(const vector& v){ if(this != &v) for(int i=0; i<VECSIZE; i++) data[i] = v.data[i]; return *this; } //operator=

Overloaded Addition for Vectors vector operator+(vector x, vector y){ //addition vector result=x; result += y; return result; } // operator+ vector vector::operator+=(vector v){ //overloaded += for(int i=0; i<VECSIZE; i++) data[i] += v.data[i]; return *this; } //operator+=

Overloaded I/O for Vectors ostream& operator<<(ostream& output_stream, vector v){ output_stream<<'('; for(int i=0; i<VECSIZE-1; i++) output_stream << v.data[i] << ','; output_stream << v.data[VECSIZE-1] << ')'; return output_stream; } //overloaded output istream& operator>>(istream& input_stream, vector &v){ for(int i=0; i<VECSIZE; i++) input_stream>>v.data[i]; return input_stream; } //overloaded input

How to Use Our Vector Class int main(){ vector a, b, c; cout << "> "; cin >> a; //overloaded input cin >> b; //overloaded input c = a + b; //overloaded operator+ cout << "a+b= " << c << endl; //overloaded output return 0; } //main

More Examples

CImageFileNameList class CImageFileNameList{ private: char** m_lplpImageFileName; int m_nImageFileCount; public: CImageFileNameList(void); ~CImageFileNameList(void); void GetImageFileNames(); char* operator[](const int); }; //CImageFileNameList

CImageFileNameList CImageFileNameList::CImageFileNameList(void){ m_lplpImageFileName = NULL; m_nImageFileCount = 0; } //constructor CImageFileNameList::~CImageFileNameList(void){ for(int i=0; i<m_nImageFileCount; i++) delete [] m_lplpImageFileName[i]; delete [] m_lplpImageFileName; } //destructor

CImageFileNameList //safe index into name list char* CImageFileNameList::operator[](const int ix){ if(ix >= 0 && ix < m_nImageFileCount) return m_lplpImageFileName[ix]; else return "NotAValidFileName.bmp"; } //operator[]

Long Integers Note multiple constructors class longint{ //long integer class private: unsigned int* data; unsigned int size; void loadstring(const char* string); void reallocate(int s); void grow(int s); public: longint(); //constructor longint(unsigned int); //constructor longint(char*); //constructor longint(const longint&); //copy constructor ~longint(); //destructor Note multiple constructors

Long Integers Note multiple assignment ops friend ostream& operator<<(ostream&, longint); friend istream& operator>>(istream&, longint&); longint& operator=(const longint&); longint& operator=(const int); longint& operator=(const char*); longint& operator+=(const longint&); friend longint operator+(longint, longint); }; //longint Note multiple assignment ops

Long Integers //overloaded assignment operators longint& longint::operator=(const longint& l){ if(this != &l){ //protect against self assignment reallocate(l.size); //grab enough space for(int i=0; i<size; i++) data[i] = l.data[i]; } return *this; longint& longint::operator=(const int i){ reallocate(1); *data = i;

Long Integers longint& longint::operator=(const char* string){ int digitcount = strlen(string); int s = digitcount/HalfBytesInWord + (digitcount%HalfBytesInWord>0?1:0); reallocate(s); loadstring(string); return *this; }

Using the Long Integer Class The Windows calculator can’t calculate 52! without resorting to scientific notation.

TexCalc, the Texas Sized Calculator Just for fun, I decided to code a calculator that can handle not just long integers, but loooooo-ooooooong integers.

TexCalc, the Texas Sized Calculator

Computes 52! Without Scientific Notation

They Get Approximately the Same Answer

52! is a 226-bit Number

That’s 44 Digits in Texadecimal

It Can Handle 256! (507 Digits)

It Can Handle 8,192! (28,504 Digits)

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Programming with Overloaded Operators longint g_lngResult, g_lngOperand; ⋮ switch(g_eOperator){ case ADD_OP: g_lngResult += g_lngOperand; break; case MULTIPLY_OP: g_lngResult *= g_lngOperand; How many overloaded operators are used here?

Programming with Overloaded Operators case SUBTRACT_OP: g_lngResult = g_lngOperand - g_lngResult; break; case DIVIDE_OP: g_lngResult = g_lngOperand / g_lngResult; case MOD_OP: g_lngResult = g_lngOperand % g_lngResult; case EXP_OP: g_lngResult = g_lngOperand ^ g_lngResult; How many overloaded operators are used here?

Programming with Overloaded Operators longint temp, result; ⋮ case FACTORIAL_OP: result = 1; temp = g_lngResult; while(temp > 1){ result *= temp; temp -= 1; } g_lngResult = result; break; How many overloaded operators are used here?