FIGURE 3-1 Basic parts of a computer. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 3-3 Computer screen for a circuit simulation software. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 3-4 Ohm’s law circle: V-voltage; I-current; R-resistance. To use the circle, cover the value you want to find and read the other values as they appear in the formula: V = I ( R; I = V/R; R =V/I. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 3-5 Ohm’s law example. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 3-6 Effect of doubling the voltage. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 3-7 Effect of increasing resistance. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 3-8 Ohm’s law examples. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 3-9 Using Ohm’s law to find voltage. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 3-10 Using Ohm’s law to find resistance. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 3-11 Circuit to show subscripts. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 3-12 Series electrical circuit. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 3-13 Finding total resistance in a series circuit. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 3-14 Two lamps connected in a series. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 3-15 Using Ohm’s law for a series circuit. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 3-16 Effect of adding resistance to a series circuit. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 3-17 Parallel electrical circuit. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 3-18 Current flow in a parallel circuit. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 3-19 Finding total resistance of a parallel circuit. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 3-20 Finding total resistance when all resistances are the same. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 3-21 Three lamps connected in parallel. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 3-22 Sample parallel circuit problem. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 3-23 Making measurements in a parallel circuit: (a) original circuit; (b) circuit set up to measure current through path 1. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. (a)

FIGURE 3-23 continued Making measurements in a parallel circuit: (a) original circuit; (b) circuit set up to measure current through path 1. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. (b)

FIGURE 3-24 Simple combination circuit. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 3-25 Combination circuit. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 3-26 Current paths in a combination circuit. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 3-27 Combination-circuit example. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 3-28 Kirchhoff’s laws: (a) voltage law example; (b) current law examples. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 3-28 continued Kirchhoff’s laws: (a) voltage law example; (b) current law examples. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. (b)

FIGURE 3-29 Series-circuit example. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 3-30 Series-circuit example. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 3-31 Parallel-circuit example. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 3-32 Current flow in a parallel circuit: (a) one path; (b) two paths; (c) R2 changed to 5 Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. (a)

FIGURE 3-32 continued Current flow in a parallel circuit: (a) one path; (b) two paths; (c) R2 changed to 5 Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. (b)

FIGURE 3-32 continued Current flow in a parallel circuit: (a) one path; (b) two paths; (c) R2 changed to 5 Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. (c)

FIGURE 3-33 Combination-circuit example. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 3-34 Combination-circuit example. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 3-35 Formulas for finding voltage, current, resistance, or power. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 3-36 Finding power in a series circuit. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 3-37 Finding power values in a parallel circuit. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 3-38 Problem that shows maximum power transfer. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 3-39 Voltage-divider circuits: (a) series dc circuit used as a voltage divider; (b) tapped resistor used as a voltage divider; (c) potentiometer used as a voltage divider. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. (a)

FIGURE 3-39 continued Voltage-divider circuits: (a) series dc circuit used as a voltage divider; (b) tapped resistor used as a voltage divider; (c) potentiometer used as a voltage divider. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. (b)

FIGURE 3-39 continued Voltage-divider circuits: (a) series dc circuit used as a voltage divider; (b) tapped resistor used as a voltage divider; (c) potentiometer used as a voltage divider. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. (c)

FIGURE 3-40 Voltage-divider design. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 3-41 Voltage division: (a) equation for problem solving; (b) sample problem. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 3-41 continued Voltage division: (a) equation for problem solving; (b) sample problem. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 3-42 Negative voltage derived from a voltage divider. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 3-43 Voltage-divider design problem: (a) circuit; (b) voltage values. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 3-43 continued Voltage-divider design problem: (a) circuit; (b) voltage values. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 3-44 Kirchhoff’s voltage law: (a) voltage drop procedure; (b) algebraic procedure. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 3-45 Voltage law example. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 3-46 Kirchhoff’s voltage law example problem. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 3-47 The superposition method: (a) original circuit; (b) circuit with 30-V source shorted; © circuit with 10-V source shorted; (d) original circuit with currents recorded. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 3-48 Thevinin equivalent circuit. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 3-49 Using the Thevinin method for a one-source circuit: (a) original circuit; (b) problem-solving procedure; (c) Thevinin equivalent circuit. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 3-50 Determining circuit configuration for finding RTH. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 3-51 Calculating load current and voltage output. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 3-52 Two-source Thevinin equivalent circuit: (a) problem-solving procedures; (b) Thevinin equivalent circuit. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 3-53 Norton equivalent circuit. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 3-54 Norton equivalent circuit procedure: (a) problem-solving procedure; (b) Norton equivalent circuit. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 3-55 Bridge circuit. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 3-56 Simplification of a bridge circuit. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 3-57 Calculating load current and voltage output of a bridge circuit. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.