1) What would happen to the population size if the average female produced more than one surviving reproducing daughter? A) there would be more females than males B) the population would decrease C) the population would increase, causing increased competition for food and other resources D) the population would stay the same size without increased competition

2) Which of the following are necessary for evolution by natural selection? A) genetic variation underlying phenotypic variation B) random variation in survival and reproduction C) forethought and intention D) answers A and B above

3) “new” traits arise A) when they are needed to increase survival B) by incremental modifications of existing traits C) because they might become useful at some time in the future, even though they are not advantageous now

4) Selection differs from evolution in the following ways A) selection occurs among individuals within generations B) selection reflects individual fitness C) evolution occurs in populations, not individuals D) evolution is change in genotype/allele frequency E) all of the above are correct

5) Is natural selection a random process? A) yes, because it is not guided by a “designer” B) no, it is non-random survival and reproduction C) yes, because mutations are random D) both A and C above are correct