 Gained the right to vote  They were elected to state and local offices  Entered the work force  More and more women attended college

 Had same political views  They were from similar backgrounds  From fathers, they had heard political viewpoint for years  Pressure

 They began to work outside of the home  This brought more and more independence  They wanted to break away from traditional roles

 Supporters of women’s rights wanted to advance women’s causes  Flappers were perceived as frivolous in attitude and behavior

 Small towns and rural areas typically held traditional values  There was a growing divide amongst urban and rural people on values and what was normal and acceptable

 Shifts in values  Greater interaction between rural and urban populations (car, transportation)  More young people were going to school  School attendance increased along with growth of American industry (why?)

 More people lived in urban areas than rural areas

 People living in rural areas spent more and more time in towns  This began to make them more urban in outlook and values

 More people went to high school, on to college or to city jobs  Did not return to the farm  Began to see massive population movement away from the countryside

 Conflicts between urban and rural values  Rise of fundamentalism  Growth of Ku Klux Klan (most were workers, farmers, small business owners who saw their way of life ending)  Targeted not just African Americans but also recent immigrants, Catholics, Jews  Scopes trial

 Religious  Hard-working  Self-reliant  Independent

 Whether or not evolution could be taught in public schools  Came to represent a number of other things (rural vs. urban)

 They believed teaching evolution undermined religious faith; went against the Bible

 Made it illegal to manufacture, transport, or sell alcohol  Volstead Act was created to enforce the amendment (Prohibition agency)

 Promote family stability  Reduce crime  Use grain for better purposes (food)

 From smugglers  Made their own  Prescribed as medicine

 Demand for alcohol remained high  Led to organized crime controlling the smuggling and illegal sales of alcohol  Al Capone - Chicago

 Thousands of African Americans moved to the North to escape segregation and violence; also for economic opportunities  Problems – violence, racial tension  Opportunities – better jobs, higher wages

 During World War I – demand for armaments, planes, ships, etc. – factories could not find enough workers to fill the jobs

 Shortage of jobs after the war created competition among blacks and whites  African Americans had different expectations about how society should treat them due to their service in the war

 These cities had large industries which created jobs  African-American neighborhoods in these cities gave African Americans a home

 African American neighborhood in upper Manhattan in New York City  It became the center for African American culture and activism

 To end discrimination and mistreatment of African Americans

 NAACP founded by African Americans and whites to end discrimination and mistreatment of African Americans  UNIA founded by African Americans (Marcus Garvey); wanted them to look out for their own interests; did not want white involvement; pushed for a world-wide African movement

 Garvey was a charismatic leader  Appealed to African American self-interests  Wanted to maintain racial purity of African Americans

 James Weldon Johnson – journalist, educator, lawyer; wrote the song “Lift Every Voice and Sing”; became leader of NAACP; published a book of poetry called God’s Trombones  Langston Hughes – poet, writer; wrote of both black defiance and hope  Artists – William H. Johnson, Aaron Douglas, Jacob Lawrence  Paul Robeson – actor  Bessie Smith, Louis Armstrong – jazz artists

 Defiance, resistance

 He wrote of hope, not just defiance  His writings recorded the distinctive culture of Harlem in the 1920’s

 A musical form known for improvisation; many times it’s composed “on the spot”  Also know for its spirit, creativity  Louis Armstrong – “Man, if you have to ask what it is, you’ll never know”

 The understanding that African Americans could be heard and achieve fame in their chosen careers  Creativity