More importantly– the rise of NATIONALISM The Rise of Nations More importantly– the rise of NATIONALISM

France and England Split Multiple wars between Feudal States led France and England to emerge as individual nations No longer were they intertwined by nobles owning land in both regions. Marriage strengthens Nations (English King, Henry II to European Heiress, Eleanor of Aquitaine)

Magna Carta John Softsword’s lost battles to France caused him to tax raise taxes to all-time high. Nobles UNHAPPY! June 15, 1215 Originally for wealthy nobles, later applied to all citizens No taxation w/out representation Trial by Jury Main Idea: Limited Monarchy!!

“What affects all should be approved by all” Model Parliament “What affects all should be approved by all” King Edward I realized with rise of cities/ trade he could now tax middle-class, not just nobles.

He called together a parliament that represented commoners and nobles Edward

Parliament Becomes Check on King’s Power Eventually split to 2 houses House of Commons House of Lords

French King’s Gained Power Estates General First Estate: Clergy Second Estate: Lords Third Estate: Middle-class Unlike parliament in England, gave king more power over nobles

Result: nation-states Nation-states were made of people with similar culture and language that occupied a specific territory under ONE government. Government was Monarchy. People feel LOYAL to their country.

Crisis for the Church Boniface VIII loses power for the papacy Where is home: Rome or Avignon? 3 Popes? The Great Schism! Scholarly Authority; John Wycliffe and Huss The great Schism Ends, but who has real power?

Papal Bull

Power Struggle: King or Pope French King Philip IV taxed churches to pay for war with England Pope Boniface VIII issued a papal bull. No more taxing of church Spiritual power always supreme over secular power Philip’s Response: He laughed

Rome V. Avignon French Bishop named Pope, Clement V. He claimed that political violence threatened him and he moved from: Rome, Italy to Avignon, France For 67 years, papacy lived in extravagance in France Catholics from other nations NOT happy

The Great Schism

John Wycliffe translating Bible to English The John’s Two Professors decided to speak out against the church with VERY different results. John Wycliffe translating Bible to English

John Wycliffe Wycliffe’s Major Ideas: Wycliffe’s Results: English Hero who translated bible into English Wycliffe’s Major Ideas: True head of church was Jesus, not Pope Clergy should live in poverty Bible -not pope- final authority on Christian life Wycliffe’s Results: Tried for Heresy but trial resulted in street riots and his release

John Huss Huss’s Major Ideas: Bible was final authority, not Pope Huss’s Results: Excommunicated in 1411 Burned at the stake in 1414

Plague and Famine Struck

The Black Death

The Plague Raging Fever Black swellings Death in 24 hrs. 25,000,000/ 1/3 of Europe’s pop. Plague kept returning until 1600’s Priests also afraid and people got angry Peasants revolted b/c with pop. decline, they did not have to listen to Nobles– Serfdom began to disappear.

Video The Black Death (1347-51) www.unitedstreaming.com

Video Quiz 1-5 1. It is estimated that ________ people died of plague in Western Europe between 1347 and 1351. (5 million,15 million or 25 million) 2. Between the years 1300 and 1450, due to the combined effects of plague, famine and warfare, the total population of Europe declined by about ______ to ______ of its original numbers. (1/10 to 1/4, 1/4 to 1/3, 1/2to 2/3). 3. There were three important and long-lasting effects of the radical depopulation of Europe. These were: 1.___________________________________ 2.___________________________________ 3.___________________________________ 4. In the year 1347, Italian traders returning to Genoa, from an outpost called Caffa on the Black Sea, brought more than trade goods to Europe. What else did they bring? 5. Under the manorial system of agriculture, peasant laborers called _________ worked the fields for their wealthy masters, in exchange for protection and a share of the crops they raised.

Video Quiz 6-10 6. During plague times, religious extremists called ____________________ traveled from town to town, preaching and publicly whipping one another. 7. Fasting and making pilgrimages to holy shrines are called Acts of _____________ and were commonplace activities in plague times. Such acts of religious devotion were believed to help purify the soul of its sins. 8. Throughout history, people experiencing extreme hardships have often searched for someone to blame for their difficulties. During the plague years, ___________ were often blamed for the spread of the disease. 9. Today, the plague is not the menace it was during the Middle Ages because it can be treated with__________________. 10. Before, during, and after the plague years, a war called the ___________________________raged between ______________ and _______________.

Hundred Years’ War

Four Stages of War 1337-60: English captured much of France 1361-96: France reconquers most land 1397-1420: England conquers N. ½ of France 1421-53: Joan of Arc leads troops to finally take back France (except Calais).

Joan of Arc

Three Strong Nation-States: France England Spain Arise from the Ashes Three Strong Nation-States: France England Spain

Source of Power As feudalism was ending, the strongest countries derived their power from new sources. Professional army Professional officials Control of taxes

The Renaissance Begins