 National, epic French poem  Knight of Charlemagne—hero of poem, dies fighting the Moors

 Inferno (Hell)  Purgatorio (Purgatory)  Paradiso (Heaven)  Roman poet Virgil guide thru Hell and Purgatory  Beatrice, his ideal love, guides him thru Heaven

 1. Flatterers  2. Hoarders  3. Thieves  4. Fortune Tellers  5. Murderers

 6. Suicide  7. Counterfeiters  8. Blasphemers/Perverts  9. Treachery against Kin  10. Treachery against Lords

 Story of pilgrims on visit to shrine of Thomas Becket  All classes in society represented in telling story  Pokes fun and is satirical.  Page…263

 Architecture style used vaults, arches, domes, & columns.  Few windows. Dark.

 Began in 1100’s.  Named after barbarian Goths  Reaching up to heaven, a monument to God.  Walls high and thin with large windows.

 Developed in 12 th and 13 th Centuries  “Universitas”—Latin for an association of people.  Became place for learning and teaching  Paris  Oxford  Bologna  Salerno

 Reconcile faith and reason.  Christianity with Aristotle’s philosophy.  St. Thomas Aquinas’ Summa Theologica summarized religion at the time.  Each point used reason/faith.

 Under feudalism, all people were loyal to their feudal lord. People did not pay much attention to which “country” they lived in.  As feudalism began to decline, Kings began to organize their kingdoms into organized nation. This fueled “Patriotism” the feeling of loyalty to a country as a whole.

 Power of King ~ Up  Feudal Lords ~ Down  # of Serfs ~ Down  # of Free Peasants ~ Up  = Death of Feudalism

 Named for a series of conflicts between 1337 and 1453 between England and France  Causes:  English King held 2 territories in France, that made him the vassal of the French King  When the last Capetian died, Edward III (K of E) tried to claim the French throne  He brought an army to Flanders, and the conflict had begun

 Despite many English victories, by 1453 the English had lost all French land except Calais  By 1553, they had lost Calais as well  Ultimately, this was a major defeat for the British

 Longbow  Gunpowder  Cannon

 Over time Parliament, especially the House Commons gained more power than the king  King needed their power to tax, which gave them ultimate power

 Civil War between ruling families  Yorks (white roses) vs. Lancasters (red roses)  Delayed the growth of strong central govt. in England  Most fighting done by nobles and private armies

 Henry Tudor (Lancaster) ended the wars by defeating Richard III (York) at Bosworth Field (1485)  Tudor seized the throne, married a daughter of the House of York and became Henry VII, the founder of the Tudors

 During the wars, a civil war broke out between the royal families ~ Orleans and Burgundy  Joan of Arc said she heard voices of saints telling her to defend Orléans  French held Orleans

 Burgundian forces captured her and turned her over to the Church as a heretic  She was convicted and burned at the stake in 1431  But, she had helped to create a strong monarchy (Charles VII)

 Created in 1302 by Philip IV (modeled after English Parliament)  Named for the groups that attended the meetings ~ 1st Estate (Clergy), 2nd Estate (Nobles), 3rd Estate (Commoners)  When monarchy was weak, E.G. began to control finances and pass laws, as Monarchy regained power, E.G. lost out, never gained authority to pass taxes

 Ruled from , nicknamed “Universal Spider” because he was skilled at conspiracy and intrigue

 Built an alliance against Duke of Burgundy (Chars. The Bold) and eventually led to his death, then Louis seized this territory

 By 1400, 4 Christian kingdoms had developed in Spain ~ Portugal, Castile, Navarre and Aragon  1469 Isabella of Castile married Ferdinand of Aragon  Fought the Moors in 1492 and captured Grenada

 In the late 1400s, early 1500s, Isabella and Ferdinand united Castile and Aragon to form a united Spain, then added Navarre  Strong monarchy, strong Catholics  Forced all Jews & Muslims to convert or leave ~ most left (bad idea)---Spanish Inquisition!!!!

 H.R. Emperor lacked control to be a strong nation  Emperor chosen by 7 Electors ~ as a result had no real power (only prestige)  Elections usually included bribery and favor trading  1273 ~ Habsburgs gained power, used prestige to cement marriage alliances and gained much of Austria and nearby lands  Barrier ~ Papal States

 By 1500, three strong nation states had developed in Europe: England, France and Spain  The Holy Roman Empire will exist in one form or another until the 1800s when Germany and Italy will unify  Decline of Feudalism directly gave way to the rise of Patriotism