The implosion of cylindrical shell structures in a high- pressure water environment by C. M. Ikeda, J. Wilkerling, and J. H. Duncan Proceedings A Volume 469(2160): December 8, 2013 ©2013 by The Royal Society

Elastic stability boundaries for various implosion modes of a cylindrical model on a plot of dimensionless limiting pressure (Pc/E, where E is the elastic modulus of the material) versus model aspect ratio (L/D0, where L is the length of the air-filled inte... C. M. Ikeda et al. Proc. R. Soc. A 2013;469: ©2013 by The Royal Society

Schematic drawings of the high-pressure tank. C. M. Ikeda et al. Proc. R. Soc. A 2013;469: ©2013 by The Royal Society

Schematic showing the components of a cylindrical model. C. M. Ikeda et al. Proc. R. Soc. A 2013;469: ©2013 by The Royal Society

A schematic plan view showing the cylindrical model surrounded by the eight midplane pressure sensors. C. M. Ikeda et al. Proc. R. Soc. A 2013;469: ©2013 by The Royal Society

Pressure (P(rs,t)−Pc, where rs=2.5R0) versus time (t) for the implosion of model B2D25r1 (brass 260, D0=25.4 mm, L=231 mm). C. M. Ikeda et al. Proc. R. Soc. A 2013;469: ©2013 by The Royal Society

Pressure contours (shown as grey level) on a polar plot with time in the radial direction and angular position of the sensors around the model in the azimuthal direction. C. M. Ikeda et al. Proc. R. Soc. A 2013;469: ©2013 by The Royal Society

Pressure versus time for each of the eight pressure sensors for a single implosion. C. M. Ikeda et al. Proc. R. Soc. A 2013;469: ©2013 by The Royal Society

Pressure (P(rs,t)−Pc) versus time (t) for single runs for each of the four model designs that implode in a mode-2 cross-sectional shape ((a) model B2D25r1 Pc=7.3 bar, (b) model B2D16r1 Pc=26.6 bar, (c) model A2A2r2 Pc=26.6 bar and (d) model A2A3r1 Pc=28.3 b... C. M. Ikeda et al. Proc. R. Soc. A 2013;469: ©2013 by The Royal Society

A photograph showing samples of all model designs after implosion. C. M. Ikeda et al. Proc. R. Soc. A 2013;469: ©2013 by The Royal Society

Pressure () versus time (t) for all runs for each of the four model designs that implode in a mode- 2 cross-sectional shape. C. M. Ikeda et al. Proc. R. Soc. A 2013;469: ©2013 by The Royal Society

Dimensionless pressure,, versus dimensionless time,, for each of the mode-2 implosions. C. M. Ikeda et al. Proc. R. Soc. A 2013;469: ©2013 by The Royal Society

Dimensionless maximum pressure,, versus mass ratio, for all 13 models that imploded in a mode-2 cross-sectional shape. C. M. Ikeda et al. Proc. R. Soc. A 2013;469: ©2013 by The Royal Society

Pressure contours (shown as grey level) on a polar plot (see the caption of figure 6 for definitions and details). C. M. Ikeda et al. Proc. R. Soc. A 2013;469: ©2013 by The Royal Society

The distribution of the relative angle (Δθ) between the flattened surface of the imploded cylindrical shell model (mode-2) and (a) the azimuthal angle of the probe with the largest impulse of the pressure peak and (b) the azimuthal angle of the probe with t... C. M. Ikeda et al. Proc. R. Soc. A 2013;469: ©2013 by The Royal Society

The theoretical implosion boundaries are shown for the models constructed from the 25.4 mm diameter brass tubes (solid curve), the 16.6 mm diameter brass tubes (dotted curve) and the 38.1 mm diameter aluminium tubes (dashed curve) on a plot of Pc/E versus L... C. M. Ikeda et al. Proc. R. Soc. A 2013;469: ©2013 by The Royal Society

Available energy, PcV, versus model aspect ratio, L/D0, for the 25.4 mm diameter brass tubes. C. M. Ikeda et al. Proc. R. Soc. A 2013;469: ©2013 by The Royal Society

(a–c) Pressure (P(rs,t)−Pc) versus time (t) for single runs for each of the model designs B2D25 (mode-2 implosion, Pc=7.3 bar), B3D25 (mode-3 implosion, Pc=20.7 bar) and B4D25 (mode-4 implosion, Pc= 26.1 bar). C. M. Ikeda et al. Proc. R. Soc. A 2013;469: ©2013 by The Royal Society

Selected images from the high-speed movies taken simultaneously with the pressure records in figure 17b (mode-3 implosion) and figure 17c (mode-4 implosion). C. M. Ikeda et al. Proc. R. Soc. A 2013;469: ©2013 by The Royal Society

Pressure contours (shown as grey level) on a polar plot (see the caption of figure 6 for definitions and details): (a) a mode-3 implosion, model B3D25r3, and the values at the circumference of the polar plot are a time of 4 ms and 2.25 Bar-ms and (b) a mode... C. M. Ikeda et al. Proc. R. Soc. A 2013;469: ©2013 by The Royal Society

Pressure versus time for each of the mode-2 (solid line), mode-3 (dotted line) and mode-4 (dashed line) implosions with models constructed from the same 25.4 mm diameter tube stock with lengths selected to have the same energy (PcV) available for the implos... C. M. Ikeda et al. Proc. R. Soc. A 2013;469: ©2013 by The Royal Society

Dimensionless pressure,, versus dimensionless time,, for each of the mode-2 (solid line), mode-3 (dotted line) and mode-4 (dashed line) implosions with models constructed from the same 25.4 mm diameter tube stock with lengths selected to have the same ene... C. M. Ikeda et al. Proc. R. Soc. A 2013;469: ©2013 by The Royal Society

Pressure versus time records for the implosion of two cylindrical models constructed from brass tubes with different diameters. C. M. Ikeda et al. Proc. R. Soc. A 2013;469: ©2013 by The Royal Society

Dimensionless pressure,, versus dimensionless time,, for models constructed from brass tubes with diameters of 16.6 mm (solid line, mode 2, L/D0=9.2) and 25.4 mm (dashed line, mode 4, L/D0=2.3). C. M. Ikeda et al. Proc. R. Soc. A 2013;469: ©2013 by The Royal Society