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Cell Cycle and Mitosis Tutorial Get Started Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Take the Quiz Place your keyboard aside. You will not need it for this tutorial. Use your mouse to advance.

All cells go through a series of events in their life. Cells grow, divide, perform their necessary function, divide some more, and eventually die. As they grow and divide, a series of changes take place in order for the cell to properly divide. These stages are known as the cell cycle. As a cell progresses through the Cell Cycle it will enter the mitosis stage in the life of the cell. This is where the nucleus and cell divide to make two daughter cells. What is the Cell Cycle? Resting Cell Two “Daughter” Cells Go BackHome

Daughter cell is the name given to the two cells that exist when the process is finished. Because the DNA in each cell should be an exact copy, the two cells should be genetically identical. The steps that took place to create these two daughter cells is what this tutorial will address. The Cell Cycle can be broken down into 5 major steps: 1. Interphase 2. Prophase 3. Metaphase 4. Anaphase 5. Telophase Daughter Cells Resting Cell Two “Daughter” Cells Proceed to Interphase HomeGo Back

Interphase The first stage of the Cell Cycle can be subdivided into three separate stages. As you can see in the picture, the majority of the life of the cell will be the Interphase stage. In some cells, the Interphase stage can last decades. Examine the pie graph. What percentage of time is spent in Interphase? 0%25%50%75%100% Correct Look again. What is 3 sections out of 4? HomeGo Back

Interphase (G1 Stage) G1 Stage The 1 st growth stage of Interphase is called the G1 stage. During this stage, cells are performing normal functions. For example, cells of the intestine are absorbing nutrients. As the G1 stage continues, the cell will grow larger in size. Additional organelles (mitochondria, ribosomes, lysosomes, etc…) are also created in this stage. After all, the cell will eventually split into two cells so new parts will be needed for each new cell. HomeGo Back

Interphase (S Stage) S Stage The next stage of Interphase is the S stage. This is named “S” stage because DNA is synthesized during this stage. This means that an extra copy of DNA is created. One copy will be needed for each of the two cells. HomeGo Back

Interphase (S Stage) S Stage The next stage of Interphase is the S stage. This is named “S” stage because DNA is synthesized during this stage. This means that an extra copy of DNA is created. One copy will be needed for each of the two cells. Here is a molecule of DNA. What will happen to this DNA molecule during the S Stage? It will be duplicated It will be destroyed It will be hidden Correct. Read the paragraph. What does synthesis mean? HomeGo Back

Interphase (G2 Stage) G2 Stage The 2 nd growth stage of Interphase (3 rd overall stage) is called the G2 stage. Just as the G1 stage, the cell continues to perform its normal functions. For example, cells of the digestive system would continue to release chemicals to help digest food. Again, the cell continues to grow larger during this stage. After all, it is about to split into two cells. HomeGo Back

Interphase (G2 Stage) G2 Stage The 2 nd growth stage of Interphase (3 rd overall stage) is called the G2 stage. Just as the G1 stage, the cell continues to perform its normal functions. For example, cells of the digestive system would continue to release chemicals to help digest food. Again, the cell continues to grow larger during this stage. After all, it is about to split into two cells. Click the proper picture of interphase below to advance to the next stage. correctNo Interphase example HomeGo Back

Prophase (1 of 2) Now that Interphase is complete, the cell has entered the process of Mitosis. During the next few stages, the nucleus of the cell will divide into two and thus two daughter cells will ultimately be created. Prophase marks the start of mitosis. In the prophase pictures above, you can see the round nucleus is starting to dissolve and break apart. Notice how there are thick chunks inside the nucleus. DNA is normally inside the nucleus and is also normally in a long, linear form (kinda like strands of spaghetti). However, as prophase progresses, the long strands of DNA condense (coil) and tighten into chunky looking structures called chromosomes. In human cells, a total of 46 chromosomes will appear. The advantage of chromosomes is that the DNA is now in an easily moveable package. This will be important in the later stages of mitosis. HomeGo Back

Prophase (2 of 2) Key things to notice: -- Chromosomes form -- Nucleus dissolves -- Spindle fibers created Click the proper picture of prophase below to advance to the next stage. correct No HomeGo Back Chromosomes form Nucleus dissolves

Metaphase (1 of 2) During Metaphase, the chromosomes (chunks of DNA) that are now fully formed are pulled by protein threads called spindle fibers towards the cell’s equator (center). Spindle fibers act like a rope and lasso. Once the chromosomes are lassoed, the spindle fibers pull the chromosomes to the middle of the cell. The spindle fibers attach to locations on the chromosomes called the centromere. Notice in the two pictures above how the thick chunks called chromosomes appear near the middle of each cell. HomeGo Back chromosome chromatid

HomeGo Back Here is a cartoon picture of a cell with three X shaped chromosomes. Click the play button to see what the spindle fibers do. Notice the chromosomes have been pulled to the cell equator. Just like the real picture to the left. Click the proper picture of metaphase below to advance to the next stage. correct No chromosome chromatid Metaphase (2 of 2)

Anaphase (1 of 2) When metaphase is finished, remember that the chromosomes have been pulled to the cell’s equator. When this is finished, the stage called anaphase follows. Chromosomes (chunks of DNA) are made of two halves. Each half is called a chromatid. In the picture below, you can see that chromosomes resemble the letter X. The yellow half and the blue half are the two chromatids that make up this single chromosome. During metaphase, all the chromosomes are lined up in the middle of the cell. For humans, there are 46 total chromosomes lined up in the middle of the cell. HomeGo Back chromosome chromatid

Anaphase (2 of 2) During anaphase, the spindle fibers that are still attached to the centromere pulls the chromosomes apart so that one chromatid (yellow) is pulled to one end of the cell and the other chromatid (blue) is pulled to the opposite end of the cell. Because the DNA of each chromatid is identical, each end of the cell will have a compete set of DNA. HomeGo Back Cell in metaphase Click the play button to see what the spindle fibers do. Cell in anaphase chromosome chromatid

Anaphase (2 of 2) During anaphase, the spindle fibers that are still attached to the centromere pulls the chromosomes apart so that one chromatid (yellow) is pulled to one end of the cell and the other chromatid (blue) is pulled to the opposite end of the cell. Because the DNA of each chromatid is identical, each end of the cell will have a compete set of DNA. HomeGo Back Click the proper picture of anaphase below to advance to the next stage. correct No chromosome chromatid

During Telophase, the following events take place: -- the cytoplasm begins to divide in a process called cytokinesis. -- the nucleus has begun to reform around the chromatids of each cell. -- the spindle fibers begin to dissolve and disappear. -- The chromatids that have been pulled to each end of the cell begin to unwind back into the linear (spaghetti) form called chromatin. Telophase When anaphase is complete, all the chromosomes inside the cell were separated with one chromatid being pulled to each end of the cell. HomeGo Back Cell in anaphase cytokinesis Chromatids unwind into chromatin Nucleus reforms

Telophase When anaphase is complete, all the chromosomes inside the cell were separated with one chromatid being pulled to each end of the cell. HomeGo Back Click the proper picture of telophase below to advance to the next stage. correct No

All Stages Back to Back Remember that when the process began there was one single cell. But now that Telophase and cytokinesis is complete, the cell has been split into two cells. Examine the pictures below. The pictures take you from the start of interphase (one cell) through the stages of the cell cycle until you finish with two cells. HomeGo Back Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Take me to the quiz. I’m ready!

The Quiz Answer each question one at a time. There are 20 total questions. Be sure to fill out your worksheet along the way. HomeGo Back 1) Which stage of the cell cycle is this? InterphaseProphaseMetaphaseAnaphaseTelophase Correct. Fill out your worksheet. No

The Quiz HomeGo Back 2) Which stage of the cell cycle is this? InterphaseProphaseMetaphaseAnaphaseTelophase Correct. Fill out your worksheet. No

The Quiz HomeGo Back 3) Which stage of the cell cycle is this? InterphaseProphaseMetaphaseAnaphaseTelophase Correct. Fill out your worksheet. No

The Quiz HomeGo Back 4) Which stage of the cell cycle is this? InterphaseProphaseMetaphaseAnaphaseTelophase Correct. Fill out your worksheet. No

The Quiz HomeGo Back 5) Which stage of the cell cycle is this? InterphaseProphaseMetaphaseAnaphaseTelophase Correct. Fill out your worksheet. No

The Quiz HomeGo Back 6) Which stage of the cell cycle is this? InterphaseProphaseMetaphaseAnaphaseTelophase Correct. Fill out your worksheet. No

The Quiz HomeGo Back 7) Which stage of the cell cycle is this? InterphaseProphaseMetaphaseAnaphaseTelophase Correct. Fill out your worksheet. No

The Quiz HomeGo Back 8) Which stage of the cell cycle is this? InterphaseProphaseMetaphaseAnaphaseTelophase Correct. Fill out your worksheet. No

The Quiz HomeGo Back 9) Which stage of the cell cycle is this? InterphaseProphaseMetaphaseAnaphaseTelophase Correct. Fill out your worksheet. No

The Quiz HomeGo Back 10) Which stage of the cell cycle is this? InterphaseProphaseMetaphaseAnaphaseTelophase Correct. Fill out your worksheet. No

The Quiz HomeGo Back 11) Which stage of the cell cycle is this? InterphaseProphaseMetaphaseAnaphaseTelophase Correct. Fill out your worksheet. No

The Quiz HomeGo Back 12) Which stage of the cell cycle is this? InterphaseProphaseMetaphaseAnaphaseTelophase Correct. Fill out your worksheet. No

The Quiz HomeGo Back 13) Which stage of the cell cycle is this? InterphaseProphaseMetaphaseAnaphaseTelophase Correct. Fill out your worksheet. No

The Quiz HomeGo Back 14) Which stage of the cell cycle is this? InterphaseProphaseMetaphaseAnaphaseTelophase Correct. Fill out your worksheet. No

The Quiz HomeGo Back 15) Which stage of the cell cycle is this? InterphaseProphaseMetaphaseAnaphaseTelophase Correct. Fill out your worksheet. No

The Quiz HomeGo Back 16) During which stage of the cell cycle does the nucleus dissolve? Correct. Fill out your worksheet. No

The Quiz HomeGo Back 17) During which stage of the cell cycle do the chromosomes align along the cell's equator? Correct. Fill out your worksheet. No

The Quiz HomeGo Back 18) During which stage of the cell cycle does the G1, S, and G2 stages occur? Correct. Fill out your worksheet. No

The Quiz HomeGo Back 19) During which stage of the cell cycle does the cell perform its normal functions? Correct. Fill out your worksheet. No

The Quiz HomeGo Back 20) During which stage of the cell cycle are the chromatids pulled to each half of the cell? Correct. Fill out your worksheet. No

The End HomeGo Back I hope this tutorial was helpful. Be sure to turn in your worksheet when finished.