Slice Sampling Radford M. Neal The Annals of Statistics (Vol. 31, No. 3, 2003)

Introduction Sampling from a non-standard distribution Metropolis algorithm is sensitive to choice of proposal distribution Proposing changes that are too small leads to inefficient random walk Proposing changes that are too large leads to frequent rejections Inhibits the development of software that automatically constructs Markov chain samplers from model specifications

Alternative to Metropolis : Slice sampling Slice sampling – Requires knowledge of a function proportional to the target density – May not sample more efficiently than a well-designed Metropolis scheme, but often requires less effort to implement and tune – For some distributions, slice sampling can be more efficient, because it can adaptively choose a scale for changes appropriate to the region of the distribution being sampled

The idea of slice sampling Sample from a distribution for a variable x, whose density is proportional to some function f(x) Introduction of an auxiliary variable y The joint density for (x,y) is,

The idea of slice sampling Gibbs sampling to sample from p(x,y) – P(y/x) ~ uniform over (0, f(x)) – P(x/y) ~ uniform over the region (“slice” defined by y)

The idea of slice sampling Generating an independent point drawn uniformly from S may still be difficult, in which case we can substitute some update for x that leaves the uniform distribution over S invariant

Single-variable slice sampling Slice sampling is simplest when only one (real-valued) variable is being updated – Univariate – More typically, the single variable slice sampling methods of this section will be used to sample from multivariate distribution for x = (x1,..., xn) by sampling repeatedly for each variable in turn

Finding an appropriate interval After a value for the auxiliary variable has been drawn, defining the slice S, the next task is to find an interval I = (L,R), containing the current point, x0, from which the new point, x1, will be drawn – would like this interval to contain as much of the slice as is feasible, so as to allow the new point to differ as much as possible from the old point – like to avoid intervals that are much larger than the slice, as this will make the subsequent sampling step less efficient

Finding an appropriate interval

Stepping-out and shrinkage procedure

Sampling from the interval

Correctness of single-variable slice sampling We need to show that the selection of x1 to follow x0 in steps (b) and (c) of the single-variable slice sampling procedure leaves the joint distribution of x and y invariant Since these steps do not change y, this is the same as leaving the conditional distribution for x given y invariant, and this conditional distribution is uniform over S = {x :y <f(x)}, the slice defined by y We can show invariance of this distribution by showing that the updates satisfy detailed balance, which for a uniform distribution reduces to showing that the probability density for x1 to be selected as the next state, given that the current state is x0, is the same as the probability density for x0 to be the next state, given that x1 is the current state, for any states x0 and x1 within S Recall: f(x1|x0)P(x0) = f(x0|x1)P(x1) For uniform distribution: f(x1|x0)= f(x0|x1)

Overrelaxed slice sampling When dependence between variables are strong, the conditional distribution will be much narrower than the corresponding marginal distributions, p(x i ), and many iterations of the Markov chain will be necessary for the state to visit the full range of the distribution defined by p(x) – In typical MH the distribution is explored by taking small steps in each direction and the direction of these steps is randomized in each iteration – Sampling efficiency can be improved in this context by suppressing the random walk behavior characteristic of simple schemes such as Gibbs sampling – One way of achieving this is by using “overrelaxed” updates Like Gibbs sampling, overrelaxation methods update each variable in turn, but rather than drawing a new value for a variable from its conditional distribution independently of the current value, the new value is instead chosen to be on the opposite side of the mode from the current value – In Adler’s (1981) scheme, applicable when the conditional distributions are Gaussian, the new value for variable i is

Overrelaxed Gibbs sampling

Overrelaxed slice sampling

Experimental results The task is to sample from a distribution for ten real-valued variables, v and x1 to x9 – The marginal distribution of v is Gaussian with mean zero and standard deviation 3 – Conditional on a given value of v, the variables x1 to x9 are independent, with the conditional distribution for each being Gaussian with mean zero and variance exp(v) The resulting shape resembles a ten-dimensional funnel, with small values for v at its narrow end, and large values for v at its wide end

Multivariate slice sampling methods

Although this simple multivariate slice sampling method is easily implemented, in one respect it works less well than applying single-variable slice sampling to each variable in turn – When each variable is updated separately, the interval for that variable will be shrunk only as far as needed to obtain a new value within the slice – The amount of shrinkage can be different for different variables. In contrast, the procedure of Figure 8 shrinks all dimensions of the hyperrectangle until a point inside the slice is found, even though the probability density may not vary rapidly in some of these dimensions, making shrinkage in these directions unnecessary

Multivariate slice sampling methods Multivariate slice sampling using hyperrectangles will usually not offer much advantage over single-variable slice sampling (as is also the case with multivariate versus single-variable Metropolis methods)