The Central Nervous System

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Chapter 7 The Nervous System.
Advertisements

The brain and spinal cord develop from ectoderm
RAIN_STIMULATION/ RAIN_STIMULATION/ Brain & Spinal Cord.
Chapter 7 The Nervous System
The Nervous System.
And Brain Organization
Lab Activity 15 The Brain Portland Community College BI 232.
The Meninges Dura mater - outermost layer Arachnoid mater - no blood vessels, in between layer (resembles a spider web) Pia mater -inner membrane, contains.
V. overview of major regions of the brain
The Nervous System: Central Nervous System
The Nervous System Charles C. Cook, MD.
Diencephalon, Brain Stem and Cranial Nerves
Unit 1D: The Central Nervous System
The Meninges Dura mater - outermost layer Arachnoid mater - no blood vessels, in between layer (resembles a spider web) Pia mater -inner membrane, contains.
Class 2 Nervous System, cont. Spinal Cord Brain. Development of the Brain and Spinal Cord.
Chapter 8 Nervous System I
Principal Parts of the Brain
The Brain.
The Brain Objective: List, identify and give functions of the major regions of the brain.
The Brain. Divisions Cerebrum Diencephalon Brainstem Cerebellum.
The Brain Spinal Cord – Mass of nerve tissue located in the vertebral canal – Extends from Medulla Oblongata to 2 nd lumbar vertebrae – Transmits electrical.
Show the major regions of the brain and describe their functions.
The Brain. CNS – composed of the brain and spinal cord Composed of wrinkled, pinkish gray tissue Surface anatomy includes cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum,
Anatomy of Brainstem. Anatomy of derivative of the Metencephalon and Mesencephalon.
The Brain The brain is composed of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem.
The Central Nervous System
Brain Development: Primary vesiclesSecondary vesiclesAdult brain part ProencephalonDiencephalonThalamus & Hypothalamus TelencephalonCerebrum Mesencephalon.
Nervous System Notes Part 1. Nerve impulses to and from the brain travel as fast as 170 miles per hour. INTERESTING NERVOUS SYSTEM FACTS The brain operates.
The most complex mechanism known
Human Physiology The Central Nervous System ▪Thing to be covered ▸ Anatomy of the CNS ▸ The Spinal Cord ▸ The Brain.
Sheep Brain Dissection
ELAINE N. MARIEB EIGHTH EDITION 7 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by.
Portland Community College
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nervous System  The master controlling and communicating system of the body.
Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology Fifth edition Seeley, Stephens and Tate Slide 2.1 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin.
Frontal lobe Temporal lobe Occipital lobe Parietal lobe Frontal association area Speech Smell Hearing Auditory association area Vision Visual association.
BRAIN. Meninges Cerebrospinal Fluid Function Location Choroid plexus – Circulation.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain  Cerebral hemispheres (cerebrum)  Diencephalon  Brain.
Chapter 14 The Brain. Cerebrum Divided into 2 hemispheres Corpus Callosum joins the 2 hemispheres Cortex- highly folded gray matter, deep grooves in the.
The Brain and Cranial Nerves Handout #7 Functions of Gray Matter and Handout #8 Cranial Nerves (just location for 3rd test) A. Brain 1. Principal parts.
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Chapter 8 Central Nervous System.
Nervous System Page 203. Nervous System Directs the functions of all human body systems 100 billion nerve cells Divided into two sections ▫Central Nervous.
The Brain.
The Brain and Cranial Nerves. The Brain –Introduction –Development of brain  Embryology –Anatomy of brain  Parts and functions.
REGIONS OF THE BRAIN PART I.
Central Nervous System
The Brain and Cranial Nerves Chapter 9c. The Brain –Introduction –Development of brain Embryology –Anatomy of brain Parts and functions.
Your Brain Pawson, PVMHS The neuron 2 hemispheres: Right & Left  In theory – left brain is analytical and objective, right brain is thoughtful.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Central Nervous System (CNS)  CNS develops from the embryonic neural tube 
The Brain Four Major Regions Cerebral hemispheres Diencephalon
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Central Nervous System (CNS)  CNS develops from the embryonic neural tube 
 Start at 3:40  VWOlA&list=PL BE2D&index=8 VWOlA&list=PL BE2D&index=8.
The Brain. Overview of the Brain Contains over 100 billion neurons 3 major regions based on embryologic development: forebrain (cerebrum and diencephalon),
ELAINE N. MARIEB EIGHTH EDITION 7 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by.
The Brain. The Meninges (D.A.P.) Dura mater - outermost layer (tough mother) Arachnoid mater - no blood vessels, in between layer (resembles a spider.
THE BRAIN!!!!!!.
Regions of the Brain Cerebral hemispheres Diencephalon Brain stem
Central Nervous System (CNS). What is the function of the CNS? 1. Relay messages 2. Process information 3. Analyze information.
The Human Brain. Basic Brain Structure Composed of 100 billion cells Makes up 2% of bodies weight Contains 15% of bodies blood supply Uses 20% of bodies.
The Brain.
Major Brain Regions & Landmarks Cerebrum Cerebrum performs higher mental functions Neural cortex cerebral cortex Neural cortex (gray matter) covered by.
Brain: Parts and Functions
Functions of the Cerebral Cortex 1. Interprets sensory impulses (including auditory, visual, and olfactory), controls voluntary and skilled skeletal muscle,
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Spinal Cord ASCENDING - impulses travel to the brain (sensory)
The Brain.
Central Nervous System
Presentation transcript:

The Central Nervous System

CNS CNS: brain and spinal cord Necessary for the maintenance of homeostasis Contains 1011 neurons Contains 1014 synapses Responsible for everything we perceive, do, feel, and think

The Brain BRAIN MATTER AND CEREBROSPINAL FLUID CEREBRUM a- Cerebral hemispheres a1- Lobes a2- Basal ganglia (nuclei) b- Brain stem b1-Diencephalon b1-1- Thalamus b1-2- Hypothalamus b2- Midbrain b3- Pons b4- Medulla oblongata c- Limbic system d- Reticular formation CEREBELLUM

Cerebrum Five paired lobes within two hemispheres Gray matter in cortex and in deeper cerebral nuclei White matter inside Higher functions are performed by the brain

Brain matter What is gray and white matter? Gray matter: neurons and unmyelinated axons White matter: myelinated axons

Protection and Coverings Cranial bones Meninges - 3 layers: - Dura mater, Arachnoid, and pia mater Between dura mater and arachnoid: subdural space In between arachnoid and pia mater, in subarachnoid space: cerebro-spinal fluid (CSF)

Meninges

Meninges

Meningitis

CSF Cushion the brain Provide a constant IF environment About 150 ml Produced by the ependymal cells of the choroid plexus, in the ventricle Resorbed by the arachnoid granulations Continuously produced and continuously resorbed Composition slightly different from plasma

Cerebrospinal fluid circulation

CSF circulation

Hydrocephalus A blockage of CSF circulation will trigger an accumulation of CSF in the ventricle This will result in hydrocephalus

Hydrocephalus

Blood supply CNS comprises 2% of body weight (3–4 pounds) Receives 15% of blood supply High metabolic rate Brain uses 20% of oxygen consumed by body at rest Brain uses 50% of glucose consumed by body at rest Depends on blood flow for energy

Energy supplies Depends on aerobic glycolysis Requires glucose and oxygen No glycogen stores Fatty acids not used for energy Ketones used during extreme conditions

The Brain BRAIN MATTER AND CEREBROSPINAL FLUID CEREBRUM a- Cerebral hemispheres a1- Lobes a2- Basal ganglia (nuclei) b- Brain stem b1-Diencephalon b1-1- Thalamus b1-2- Hypothalamus b2- Midbrain b3- Pons b4- Medulla oblongata c- Limbic system d- Reticular formation CEREBELLUM

Brain structure

Cerebrum Two hemispheres Surface have gyri, grooves(sulci) and fissures Two fissures: longitudinal (falx cerebri and cerebelli) and transverse (tentorium cerebelli) Corpus callosum

Cerebrum Cerebral cortex - Lobes: 1 frontal, 1 parietal, 1 occipital, and 2 temporal and insula – surface is gray matter - Basal nuclei (or ganglia)- gray matter deep inside white matter.

Frontal lobe Voluntary motor control Personality Concentration, planning, decision making Verbal communication

Frontal lobe : Motor area

Language Broca’s aphasia: due to damage in the Broca’s area of the brain. Speech slow and poorly articulated Wenicke’s aphasia: due to damages to Wernicke’s area produces a rapid speech without meaning. Comprehension destroyed

Speech areas

Parietal lobes Sensory interpretations Understanding speech Formulating words to express thoughts and emotions Interpretations of textures and shapes

Sensory areas

“Small brain”

Temporal lobes Interpretation of auditory sensations Memory of auditory and visual experiences

Occipital lobe Perception of vision Vision recognition Focusing and eye movement

Memory Short and long term memory Several regions of the brain involved, especially temporal lobe, hyppocampus Short  long term memory: medial temporal lobe Long term memory independent of temporal lobe Memory acquisition possible due to synapse changes

The Brain BRAIN MATTER AND CEREBROSPINAL FLUID CEREBRUM a- Cerebral hemispheres a1- Lobes a2- Basal ganglia (nuclei) b- Brain stem b1-Diencephalon b1-1- Thalamus b1-2- Hypothalamus b2- Midbrain b3- Pons b4- Medulla oblongata c- Limbic system d- Reticular formation CEREBELLUM

Basal Nuclei Mass of neurons located deep into the white matter Help control of voluntary movement

Basal Nuclei

The Brain BRAIN MATTER AND CEREBROSPINAL FLUID CEREBRUM a- Cerebral hemispheres a1- Lobes a2- Basal ganglia (nuclei) b- Brain stem b1-Diencephalon b1-1- Thalamus b1-2- Hypothalamus b2- Midbrain b3- Pons b4- Medulla oblongata c- Limbic system d- Reticular formation CEREBELLUM

Diencephalon

Diencephalon Thalamus:4/5 of diencephalon Below lateral ventricles Relay center through which sensory informations (except smell) pass, on the way to the cortex Many nuclei

The Brain BRAIN MATTER AND CEREBROSPINAL FLUID CEREBRUM a- Cerebral hemispheres a1- Lobes a2- Basal ganglia (nuclei) b- Brain stem b1-Diencephalon b1-1- Thalamus b1-2- Hypothalamus b2- Midbrain b3- Pons b4- Medulla oblongata c- Limbic system d- Reticular formation CEREBELLUM

Diencephalon: Hypothalamus and pituitary gland Below thalamus Neural centers for many functions: - hunger, thirst, body temperature regulation - controls pituitary gland - contribute to sleep regulation, emotions (fear, anger, pain, pleasure..), sexual arousal

Hypothalamus

The Brain BRAIN MATTER AND CEREBROSPINAL FLUID CEREBRUM a- Cerebral hemispheres a1- Lobes a2- Basal ganglia (nuclei) b- Brain stem b1-Diencephalon b1-1- Thalamus b1-2- Hypothalamus b2- Midbrain b3- Pons b4- Medulla oblongata c- Limbic system d- Reticular formation CEREBELLUM

Midbrain Between diencephalon and pons Several nuclei: - corpora quadrigemina: visual and auditory reflexes - red nucleus: motor coordination - nigrostriatal system (from substancia nigra- basal ganglia) motor coordination (involved in Parkinson’s disease) - cerebral peduncles: ascending and descending fiber tracts

Midbrain

The Brain BRAIN MATTER AND CEREBROSPINAL FLUID CEREBRUM a- Cerebral hemispheres a1- Lobes a2- Basal ganglia (nuclei) b- Brain stem b1-Diencephalon b1-1- Thalamus b1-2- Hypothalamus b2- Midbrain b3- Pons b4- Medulla oblongata c- Limbic system d- Reticular formation CEREBELLUM

Pons Between midbrain and medulla oblongata Several nuclei associated with cranial nerves (V, VI, VII, and VIII) Respiratory centers: apneustic and pneumotaxic centers Communicates with cerebellum and medulla oblongata, and midbrain

Pons

The Brain BRAIN MATTER AND CEREBROSPINAL FLUID CEREBRUM a- Cerebral hemispheres a1- Lobes a2- Basal ganglia (nuclei) b- Brain stem b1-Diencephalon b1-1- Thalamus b1-2- Hypothalamus b2- Midbrain b3- Pons b4- Medulla oblongata c- Limbic system d- Reticular formation CEREBELLUM

Medulla oblongata Between pons and spinal cors Numerous nuclei controlling cranial nerves (VIII,IX,X,XI, and XII), and vital functions: vasomotor, cardiac, respiratory, sneezing, swallowing centers Passageway for sensory and motor fibers Fibers “decussate” or cross over

Medulla oblongata

Cerebral lateralization The cerebral cortex controls movement of the contralateral side Sensations project to the contralateral side of the parietal lobes The two hemispheres communicate through the corpus callosum Left side: language and analysis Right side: visual spatial tasks

Medulla oblongata

The Brain BRAIN MATTER AND CEREBROSPINAL FLUID CEREBRUM a- Cerebral hemispheres a1- Lobes a2- Basal ganglia (nuclei) b- Brain stem b1-Diencephalon b1-1- Thalamus b1-2- Hypothalamus b2- Midbrain b3- Pons b4- Medulla oblongata c- Limbic system d- Reticular formation CEREBELLUM

Limbic system Emotion & motivation Mesh of neurons around the brain Connect to hypothalamus Involved in control of: - aggression, fear, feeding, sex and goal-directed behavior

The Brain BRAIN MATTER AND CEREBROSPINAL FLUID CEREBRUM a- Cerebral hemispheres a1- Lobes a2- Basal ganglia (nuclei) b- Brain stem b1-Diencephalon b1-1- Thalamus b1-2- Hypothalamus b2- Midbrain b3- Pons b4- Medulla oblongata c- Limbic system d- Reticular formation CEREBELLUM

Reticular formation Complex network of nuclei and nerve fibers in medula, pons, midbrain, diencephalon Reticular Activating System (RAS): maintain a state of alert consciousness

The Brain BRAIN MATTER AND CEREBROSPINAL FLUID CEREBRUM a- Cerebral hemispheres a1- Lobes a2- Basal ganglia (nuclei) b- Brain stem b1-Diencephalon b1-1- Thalamus b1-2- Hypothalamus b2- Midbrain b3- Pons b4- Medulla oblongata c- Limbic system d- Reticular formation CEREBELLUM

Cerebellum “small brain” Fibers from cerebellum red nucleus  thalamus  cerebral cortex Other tracts connect cerebellum to pons, midbrain, medulla Receives input from proprioreceptors (from muscles, tendon)  coordinates movement, control equilibrium

Cerebellum

Readings Chp. 9, p. 216-236 Not expected to be known:

Feedback: Privacy Policy Feedback
Do Not Sell My Personal Information
About project: SlidePlayer Terms of Service

© 2025 SlidePlayer.com. Inc. All rights reserved.