IGARSS 2011, Vancouver, Canada, July 2011 ESA’s GMES SENTINEL-4 AND -5 | J.-L. Bézy Slide 1 J.-L. Bézy, G. Bazalgette Courrèges-Lacoste, P. Ingmann, J. Langen, B. Sierk, H. Stark, B. Veihelmann Earth Observation Directorate ESA’s GMES SENTINEL-4 and SENTINEL-5

IGARSS 2011, Vancouver, Canada, July 2011 ESA’s GMES SENTINEL-4 AND -5 | J.-L. Bézy Slide 2 OMI NO2 over Europe KNMI/IASB/ESA Image by Pepijn Veefkind, KNMI Outline  GMES Sentinels programme  S4/S5 Mission objectives  Sentinel-4  Sentinel-5 (p)  Programmatic status

IGARSS 2011, Vancouver, Canada, July 2011 ESA’s GMES SENTINEL-4 AND -5 | J.-L. Bézy Slide 3 GMES Components GMES is an EU led initiative Services Component – led by EC Produces information services in response to European policy priorities in environment and security Relies on data from in-situ and space component In-situ component – led by EEA Observations mostly within national responsibility, with coordination at European level Space Component – led by ESA Sentinels - EO missions developed specifically for GMES: Contributing Missions - EO missions built for purposes other than GMES but offering part of their capacity to GMES (EU/ESA MSs, EUMETSAT, commercial, international) GMES is a perfect example of a system of systems

IGARSS 2011, Vancouver, Canada, July 2011 ESA’s GMES SENTINEL-4 AND -5 | J.-L. Bézy Slide 4 GMES dedicated missions: Sentinels 2013 A / 2015 B Sentinel 1 – SAR imaging All weather, day/night applications, interferometry 2013 A / 2017 B Sentinel 3 – Ocean and global land monitoring Wide-swath ocean color, vegetation, sea/land surface temperature, altimetry Sentinel 4 – Geostationary atmospheric Atmospheric composition monitoring – flown on MTG 2013 A / 2016 B Sentinel 2 – Multi-spectral imaging Land applications: urban, forest, agriculture,.. Continuity of Landsat, SPOT Sentinel 5 – Low-orbit atmospheric Atmospheric composition monitoring – flown on MetOp-SG (S5 Precursor launch in 2014)

IGARSS 2011, Vancouver, Canada, July 2011 ESA’s GMES SENTINEL-4 AND -5 | J.-L. Bézy Slide 5 Environmental issues of changing atmospheric composition Climate Change and the Greenhouse Effect Nutrification of coastal waters and freshwater lakes; eutrophication Stratospheric Ozone Depletion and enhanced surface UV Acid Rain Los Angeles Smog or "summer" smog London Smog Aerosols in and downwind of regions of high population Enhanced aerosol and photo-oxidant levels due to biomass burning Increase in background tropospheric ozone Intercontinental transport of pollutants and aerosols Stability of the Atmospheric Oxidation Efficiency Information services needed for - Monitoring - Forecasting - Assessment - Mitigation

IGARSS 2011, Vancouver, Canada, July 2011 ESA’s GMES SENTINEL-4 AND -5 | J.-L. Bézy Slide 6 Air pollution and its effect on human health Source: EU programme CAFE, CAFE Scenario Analysis Report Nr. 2. (Amann et al., 2004) Loss in life expectancy in months attributable to anthropogenic PM2.5 [months] “Air pollution is a major environmental risk to health and is estimated to cause approximately 2 million premature deaths worldwide per year.”

IGARSS 2011, Vancouver, Canada, July 2011 ESA’s GMES SENTINEL-4 AND -5 | J.-L. Bézy Slide 7 The Current Capabilities Research missions SCIAMACHY (Envisat) – OMI (Aura), Scisat, Mopitt (Terra), Gosat Operational missions GOME-2, IASI (MetOp), OMPS, CRIS (JPSS)  High temporal and spatial resolution (more cloud free-views) space-based measurements of tropospheric (PBL) composition for application to air quality  High spatial/high precision monitoring of climate gases (CO 2, CH 4 and CO) and aerosol monitoring with sensitivity to the PBL  High vertical resolution measurements in the UT/LS region for ozone and climate applications Main gaps in current / planned operational system GOME-2 SCIAMACHY OMI S4/S5 80 km 7 km

IGARSS 2011, Vancouver, Canada, July 2011 ESA’s GMES SENTINEL-4 AND -5 | J.-L. Bézy Slide 8 Mission Implementation  Sentinel 4 will be a realised as o a UVN spectrometer embarked on the MTG-S platforms o utilisation of TIR data from the IR sounder onboard the same platforms o utilisation of imager data from the MTG-I platforms  Sentinel 5 will consist of o A UVNS spectrometer embarked on the post-EPS platforms o utilisation of data from the post-EPS IR sounder (IASI NG) o utilisation of post-EPS imager data (METimage) o utilisation of multi-directional polarisation imager if implemented  Mission concept for climate protocol monitoring (lower troposphere) and air quality applications  Implementation of S-4 and S-5 on Eumetsat platforms

IGARSS 2011, Vancouver, Canada, July 2011 ESA’s GMES SENTINEL-4 AND -5 | J.-L. Bézy Slide 9 Level 2 Products SWIR VISNIR UV Ozone vertical profile (O 3 ) Tropospheric ozone (O 3 ) Sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ) Albedo Total ozone (O 3 ) Aerosol Formaldehyde (HCHO) Bromine monoxide (BrO) Rayleigh scat. (cloud), aerosol abs. Nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) Glyoxal (CHOCHO) O2-O2 (cloud) Water vapour and cloud (eff. scatt. height) O-A (cloud, aerosol) Methane (CH4) Aerosol profile Carbone monoxide (CO) Sentinel Sentinel-5 Wavelength (nm) Priority A Priority B

IGARSS 2011, Vancouver, Canada, July 2011 ESA’s GMES SENTINEL-4 AND -5 | J.-L. Bézy Slide 10 Level 2 Products SCIAMACHY PARASOLOMI MOPPITSCIAMACHY Source: ONTRAQ study. (P. Levelt 2009) Concentration maps for Asia Air quality and tropospheric composition on a global, regional and urban scale Courtesy: J.P. Veefkind (KNMI) Courtesy: H. Eskes, KNMI

IGARSS 2011, Vancouver, Canada, July 2011 ESA’s GMES SENTINEL-4 AND -5 | J.-L. Bézy Slide 11 The Instrument Challenge DOAS analysis of satellite spectra Irradiance and Radiance MeasurementDerived Reflectance Note how small the NO2 features are, about 0.5% signal strength of the total signal Contributors to these Spectral Features are: polarisation scrambler, coatings, gratings, sun diffuser, straylight, gain change, … < 0.05 %! 3 nm

IGARSS 2011, Vancouver, Canada, July 2011 ESA’s GMES SENTINEL-4 AND -5 | J.-L. Bézy Slide 12 Sentinel-4: GEO atmospheric mission Europe coverage in 1 hr

IGARSS 2011, Vancouver, Canada, July 2011 ESA’s GMES SENTINEL-4 AND -5 | J.-L. Bézy Slide 13 S4 Images Acquisition Only illuminated areas are acquired (SZA max =92°) 24 daily acquisitions

IGARSS 2011, Vancouver, Canada, July 2011 ESA’s GMES SENTINEL-4 AND -5 | J.-L. Bézy Slide 14 S4 Requirements  Spatial resolution: 8 km at 45°N  Coverage: Europe + Sahara  Repeat Cycle: 1 hr  Low sensitivity to polarisation (1%)  Low level of spectral features (0.05%)  High radiometric accuracy: < 3%  Spectral bands Band IDWavelength range [nm] Spectral resolution [nm] Spectral sampling ratio UV-VIS NIR VISNIRUV Wavelength (nm)

IGARSS 2011, Vancouver, Canada, July 2011 ESA’s GMES SENTINEL-4 AND -5 | J.-L. Bézy Slide 15 S4 Instrument Overview Ground swath Satellite motion Telescope Slit Collimator Dispersing element Re-imaging lens 2D array detector x Spectral radiance  Imaging Spectrometer  Pushbroom in E/W direction  N/S FOV: 3.85°  E/W FOR: 11.2°  2 grating spectrometers UV-VIS: 305 – 500 nm NIR: 750 – 775 nm  CCD detectors cooled at 210 K  Scan mirror: E/W scan N/S: - compensation of MTG yaw flip manoeuvre around equinox - seasonal shift in latitude (up to 10 deg)  High performance on board calibration sources (diffusers, lamp, LED)  Geostationary orbit, at about 0° longitude  Embarked on MTG-Sounder Satellite and operated by EUMETSAT

IGARSS 2011, Vancouver, Canada, July 2011 ESA’s GMES SENTINEL-4 AND -5 | J.-L. Bézy Slide 16 S4 Instrument Overview Earth On axis refractive telescope (Ø 80 mm) 2-axis- gimbal mirror Calibration assembly UV-VIS Spectrograph NIR Spectrograph

IGARSS 2011, Vancouver, Canada, July 2011 ESA’s GMES SENTINEL-4 AND -5 | J.-L. Bézy Slide 17 Sentinel-5 Requirements  Spectral bands  Spatial resolution: 15 km in UV1 – 7 km in other bands  Daily global coverage  Low sensitivity to polarisation (0.5%)  Low level of spectral features (0.05%)  High radiometric accuracy: < 2% Band ID Spectral range (nm) Spectral resolution (nm) Spectral sampling Ratio UV ≈ 3 UV ≈ 3 UV-VIS ≈ 3 NIR ≈ 3 NIR (T) – 0.06 (G) ≈ 3 SWIR ≈ 2.5 SWIR ≈ 2.5 SWIR VISNIRUV Wavelength (nm)

IGARSS 2011, Vancouver, Canada, July 2011 ESA’s GMES SENTINEL-4 AND -5 | J.-L. Bézy Slide 18 S5 instrument overview  Imaging grating Spectrometer  Pushbroom in along track direction  Wide swath: 2,650 km (FOV: 108.4°)  Up to 6 grating spectrometers (4 UVN – 2 SWIR) Immersed gratings used for SWIR-1/3  High performance on board calibration sources  sun-synchronous Low Earth Orbit platform at 832 km mean altitude  Sentinel-5 embarked on post-EPS, operated by EUMETSAT Swath ~ 2650 km FOV 108 deg Courtesy of SRON

IGARSS 2011, Vancouver, Canada, July 2011 ESA’s GMES SENTINEL-4 AND -5 | J.-L. Bézy Slide 19 The need for a Sentinel-5 Precursor 1. Continuity of data Research missions (here Sciamachy, OMI, TES, Mopitt) stop ≤ Sentinel-5 on post-EPS not before ~2018. MetOp data do not satisfy S5 requirements:  CO and CH 4 :  No measurement by GOME-2;  IASI data have little PBL sensitivity.  Coarse spatial resolution 2. Transition to operational scheme  Afternoon orbit required for AQ forecast (MetOp: 9:30h).  Use synergy S5 precursor – MetOp to start into observation of diurnal variation, as needed for AQ monitoring. (Will be picked up by S4 later). Sentinel 5p will be a realised as a single-satellite atmospheric chemistry mission carrying a UVNS spectrometer, aiming at providing a gap-filler, within the timeframe

IGARSS 2011, Vancouver, Canada, July 2011 ESA’s GMES SENTINEL-4 AND -5 | J.-L. Bézy Slide 20 Programmatics Sentinel 4 Contract awarded to Astrium GmbH for €150 million to develop and build two instruments Sentinel 5 precursor Feasibility studies of the platform on-going; development phase planned for end 2011 Payload is developed by NSO (TROPOMI) with ESA contributions (SWIR, …) Sentinel 5 Feasibility studies on-going; development phase planned for MetOp A, B, C (09:30 LTDN) MetOp-SG (09:30 LTDN), incl. S5/UVNS ENVISAT (10:00 LTDN) S5p (13:35 LTAN) MTG-I 1 MTG-I 2 MTG-I 3 MTG-I 4 MTG-S 2, incl. S4/UVN MTG-S 1, incl. S4/UVN GEOGEO LEOLEO

IGARSS 2011, Vancouver, Canada, July 2011 ESA’s GMES SENTINEL-4 AND -5 | J.-L. Bézy Slide 21  Air pollution is a significant cause of health problems and environment damages worldwide  Sentinel-4 and -5 will monitor the Earth's atmosphere as part of the Europe Union's Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (GMES) programme  Mission will be embarked on MTG-S and MetOp-SG satellites for a launch in and will be operated by EUMETSAT Summary

IGARSS 2011, Vancouver, Canada, July 2011 ESA’s GMES SENTINEL-4 AND -5 | J.-L. Bézy Slide 22 KNMI/IASB/ESA Thank you