A longitudinal panel study on antecedents and outcomes of work-home interference Holger Steinmetz, Michael Frese, and Peter Schmidt University of Giessen / Germany

Introduction Work-Home Interference (WHI): - A form of interrole-conflict in which the role pressures from the work and nonwork domain are mutually incompatible (Greenhaus & Beutell, 1985) - Work makes nonwork role performance more difficult (Katz & Kahn, 1964) - Work hinders nonwork role performance (Edwards & Rothbard, 2000) Forms of WHI / conflict (Greenhaus & Beutell, 1985): - Time-based - Strain-based - Behavior-based

Antecedents and outcomes of WHI Complex models of antecedents and outcomes of WHI (e.g., Carlson & Perrewé, 1999; Frone, et al., 1992; Frone, 1997; Kopelman, et al., 1983)

Antecedents and outcomes of WHI Frone, M. R., Russel, M., & Cooper (1992)

Antecedents and outcomes of WHI: Meta-analytic results Proposed antecedents (Byron, 2005): - Working time - Job stress - job involvement - Work support - Schedule flexibility - Family stress Proposed outcomes (Allen et al., 2000): - Job attitudes (Job satisfaction, organizational commitment) - Well-being (Depression, burnout, somatic complaints etc.) - Turnover motivation - Job performance

Longitudinal studies on WHI Heterogenous results because of - different time lags - a variety of constructs Limitations: - Research focus: Mostly WHI  well-being - Comprehensiveness of the causal analysis (cf. Zapf, Dorman & Frese, 1996): Half of the studies tested only one direction - Method: Mostly multiple Regression (Ordinary least squares) or path analysis

The study: Tested models Working hours WHI Depression Turnover motivation Stressors Model A

The study: Tested models Working hours WHI Turnover motivation Stressors Model B Depression Working hours WHI Depression Turnover motivation Stressors Model A

The study: Tested models Working hours WHI Turnover motivation Stressors Model B Depression Working hours WHI Turnover motivation Depression Stressors Model C Working hours WHI Depression Turnover motivation Stressors Model A

The study: Tested models Working hours WHI Turnover motivation Depression Stressors Model D Working hours WHI Turnover motivation Stressors Model B Depression Working hours WHI Turnover motivation Depression Stressors Model C Working hours WHI Depression Turnover motivation Stressors Model A

The study: Tested models Working hours WHI Turnover motivation Depression Stressors Model E Working hours WHI Turnover motivation Depression Stressors Model D Working hours WHI Turnover motivation Stressors Model B Depression Working hours WHI Turnover motivation Depression Stressors Model C Working hours WHI Depression Turnover motivation Stressors Model A

Autoregressive (panel) models Working hours T1 WHI T1 Depression T1 Turnover mot. T1 Working hours T2 WHI T2 Depression T2 Turnover mot. T2 Stressors T1 Stressors T2 Model with lagged effects Working hours T1 WHI T1 Depression T1 Turnover mot. T1 Working hours T2 WHI T2 Depression T2 Turnover mot. T2 Stressors T1 Stressors T2 Model with synchronous effects

The study: Sample Sample - Two waves – Time lag 1 year - Broad German Sample; a variety of occupations from various industries - Demographic variables representative for the German working population - T1: N = T2: N = Mean N = 188 across the cells of the covariance matrix Drop out analysis: - Correlation between model variables and T2 dropout - Only signficant: r =.13 (for age) and r =.12 (for turnover motivation)

The study: Constructs and measures Constructs and measures - Stressors (Zapf, 1991), 3 items for time pressures and 3 items for role ambiguity (e.g., „how often do you get unclear assignments?“ - Working time: Weekly working hours of the last 2 weeks - WHI (Netemeyer, et al., 1996); 3 items (e.g., „Things at home don‘t get done because of my work“) - Depression (Zung, 1965) adapted by Mohr (1986); 3 items (e.g., “I am looking into the future without any hope”) - Turnover motivation (Schaubroeck, et al., 1996): 3 items (Turnover cognitions, implementation behavior, and intention to quit)

The study: Results (Synchronous effects models) Work hrs WHI Tmot Dep Stressors Work hrs WHI Tmot Dep Stressors Work hrs WHI Tmot Stressors Dep Work hrs WHI Dep Tmot Stressors Work hrs WHI Tmot Stressors Dep  2 (df) RMSEASRMRAIC (184) (184) (183) (183) (181)

The study: Standardized path coefficients Working hours Turnover motivation Stressors Depression WHI. 12 *. 19 *. 14 *. 24 **. 19 **