جلسه هشتم.  اولين ابزار ذخيره سازي اطلاعات بصورت مغناطيسي در سال 1978 توسط شرکت Seagate تحت استاندارد ST506 به بازار عرضه کرد. اين استاندارد بلافاصله.

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Presentation transcript:

جلسه هشتم

 اولين ابزار ذخيره سازي اطلاعات بصورت مغناطيسي در سال 1978 توسط شرکت Seagate تحت استاندارد ST506 به بازار عرضه کرد. اين استاندارد بلافاصله ويرايش و عنوان ESDI به خود گرفت.  ويژگي هاي اين دو استاندارد : ◦ بورد کنترلر ابزار از آن جدا بوده و بصورت يک کارت در اسلاتها نصب مي شود. ◦ ارتباط ابزار با بورد کنترلر از طريق دو کابل 20 و 34 پين ( سيم ) برقرار مي شود ◦ هر بورد کنترلر حداکثر دو ابزار را پشتيباني مي کند. ◦ ظرفيت اين گونه ابزارها و سرعت خواندن و نوشتن آن پايين است ◦ وابستگي مستقيم به اطلاعات حافظه باياس مادربورد ◦ زمانهاي دستيابي بسياربالا ◦ استفاده از موتورهاي پله اي براي حرکت

 سال 1986 استاندارد جديد IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) که اسم واقعيتر آن ATA (AT Attachment) است به بازار عرضه شد. تکنولوژي غالب بوده و در سه نسخه AT 16Bit – XT 8Bit – MCA 16Bit عرضه شد که امروزه فقط AT در مادربوردها موجود است.  ويژگيها : ◦ بورد اينترفيس يا کنترلر بر روي خود ابزار است ◦ ارتباط ابزار يا کنترلر ابزار با مادربورد از طريق يک کابل 40 رشته يا جديدا 80 رشته ◦ هر اينترفيس از دو ابزار پشتيباني مي کند. ◦ وابستگي مستقيم به اطلاعات حافظه باياس مادربورد

 ATA-1: – سرعت 8.33 مگابايت در ثانيه  ATA-2: قابليت اتصال ابزارهاي ديگر را دارد. ظرفيت بالاي 137GB(EIDE)  ATA-3: استفاده از قابليت S.M.A.R.T.  ATA-4: داراي قابليت ATA Packet Interface (UDMA/33)  ATA-5: حداکثر سرعت 66 مگابايت (80 رشته ) و 40 رشته سيم. (UDMA/66)  ATA-6: براي P4 و PIII بود و تا 100 مگابايت سرعت دارد (144PB) (UDMA/100)  ATA-7 : براي P4 طراحي شد و تا 133 مگابايت سرعت دارد. (UDMA/133)

 محدوديتهاي ظرفيت درايوها (CHS - LBA) مربوط به باياس و استاندارد است. مثلا در باياس وقفه 13 – 1024 سيلندر، 256 هد و 63 سکتور پشتيباني مي کند. در حالي که استاندارد از سيلندر، 16 هد و 255 سکتور پشتيباني مي کند  حذف مانع ظرفيت 8.4 گيگابايت (98 به بعد تا 2 64 بايت ) به کمک تکنولوژي EDD شرکت فونيکس در سال 98 استاندارد شد.  انتقال سريعتر اطلاعات : به کمک PIO مدهاي 0 تا 4 -  مدهاي انتقال DMA: دونوع DMA و Bus Mastering DMA  استاندارد ATA Packet Interface : براي پشتيباني از ابزارهاي مختلف مانند درايوهاي CD/DVD ، درايو ZIP ، درايوهاي Jaz ، ديسکهاي LS120 و...

 يک استاندارد براي انتقال سرعت بالاست که در سال 2002 براي سيستمهاي با ATA سريال، درايوها و کارتهاي داخلي به وجود آمدند.  به جاي 40 و 80 ، تعداد 7 رشته رسيم دارد.  داراي سه مد انتقال و 600 مگابايت در ثانيه  تفاوتهاي آن با ATA: ◦ عدم نياز به جامپر براي انتخاب مستر و اسليو ◦ حداکثر طول کابل 1 متر ( قبلي کمتر از 0.5 متر بوده است ) ◦ کانکتور برق 4 يا 15 پين ( اختياري ) به صورت استاندارد صنعتي

 توجه به نوع کابل  توجه به نوع وسيله و Master يا Slave بودن آن ( ست کردن آن )  اگر کابل 80 رشته اي است از حالت CS استفاده نکنيد  دقت در نصب کابلها و توجه محل نصب آنها  سيم قرمز کابل IDE به سمت کابل برق باشد  تنظيم شناسايي IDE ها بصورت Auto توصيه مي شود.

 تعريف هارد : يکي از مهمترين قطعات براي نگهداري اطلاعات بصورت دائم است.  يک هارد از : ◦ بورد کنترلر ◦ هدهاي خواندن و نوشتن ◦ بازوي هدها ◦ موتور چرخاننده بازوها ◦ صفحات دايره هاي که اطلاعات بر روي آنها نوشته مي شود. ◦ بدنه فلزي ◦ کاور  25 سال از عمر آنها مي گذرد.  ظرفيتهاي اوليه در حدود 10 تا 30 مگابايت بوده اما امروز مرز ترابايت را ردکرده  سرعت انتقال از 85 کيلو به 1 گيگا رسيده است  قيمت از 150 سنت به کمتر از يک سنت به ازاي يک مگابايت

tracks  Information is recorded in a circular fashion in what are called tracks. cylinder  A cylinder is a vertical stack of tracks on multiple platters.. sectors  Tracks are divided into sectors. cluster  A cluster is the smallest unit that DOS uses to store information (also called an Allocation Unit).

 فرمت کردن : ◦ فيزيکي ◦ منطقي  پارتيشن بندي ◦ Fat 16 : حداکثر 2 گيگابايت ◦ Fat 32 : حداکثر 2 ترابايت ◦ NTFS: اندازه فضا و فضاي براي ذخيره سازي فايلها  صفحات هارد ديسک (3.5 و 2.5 اينچ ) امروزه اغلب 2 صفحه هستند  هدهاي خواندن و نوشتن  مکانيزم حرکت ( سرعت – عدم حساسيت به گرما - دقت در موقعيت – عدم لرزش ) ◦ موتور پله اي – حرکت با مقدار ثابت - توقف در وسط گام ميسر نيست.- در چاپگر – فلاپي و.... کاربرد دارد. ◦ حرکت حلقه صوتي : براي سرعتهاي بالا و چگالي فشرده – بر اساس نيروي الکترومغناطيس کار مي کند. وجود فيدبک از محل هد  مکانيزم سروو ( مجزا - مخفي – اختصاصي )  پارک اتومات هدها  فيلترهاي هوا  موتورهاي اسپيندل  بوردهاي منطقي : براي کنترل موتور اسپيندل – سيستم حرکت هدها و خواندن و نوشتن و مديريت اطلاعات.  کابلها و کانکتورها : کانکتور برق – کانکتور رابط اطلاعات

1. Low level formatting (LLF) ◦ This is the "true" formatting process for the disk. ◦ It creates the physical structures (tracks, sectors, control information) on the hard disk. ◦ Normally, this step begins with the hard disk platters "clean", containing no information. 2. Partitioning ◦ This process divides the disk into logical "pieces" that become different hard disk volumes (drive letters). ◦ This is an operating system function. 3. High level formatting (HLF) ◦ This final step is also an operating-system-level command. ◦ It defines the logical structures on the partition and places at the start of the disk any necessary operating system files.

event that happens when the surface of the read/write head or particles on its surface come into contact with the surface of the hard-disk platter, causing the loss of some or all of the data on the disk

 قابليت اعتماد – MTBF بين تا ساعت است.  SMART: دادن اخطار قبل از يروز بحران  بازدهي : زمان جستجوي اطلاعات بر حسب ميلي و زمان انتقال از يک سيلندر به سيلندر ديگر است. نرخ انتقال اطلاعات  نرخ انتقال : ( سکتور در هر ترک * 512 * دور در دقيقه ) بخش بر (60 ثانيه )  زمان دسترسي متوسط : زماني که به يک سکتور دست پيدا کنيم و برابر نصف زمان چرخش ديسک است.

 Small Computer System Interface  مستقل از مادربورد  داشتن آداپتور ميزبان  پشتيباني اسکازي از چند دستگاه  سرعت انتقال بالا  قابليت پشتيباني از ابزارهاي مختلف  اتصال ابزراهاي خارج از کيس

 The primary disk used for mass storage is the hard disk drive.  Hard disks differ by technology, interface, speed, and capacity.  Most are capable of at least 5,000 revolutions per minute (RPM).  The first PC hard disks ◦ a capacity of 10 megabytes ◦ $100 per MB  Modern hard disks ◦ 100 gigabytes ◦ Less than 1 cent per MB! ◦ improvement of 1,000,000% in just under 20 years, or around 67% cumulative improvement per year.

Bits on disk - dark stripes are 0 bits and bright stripes are 1 bits

 Removable hard drives ◦ Hot swap  Disk Arrays ◦ RAID (redundant array of inexpensive disk)  Mirrored array (fault-tolerant)  Striped array

 AT Attachment ◦a disk drive implementation that integrates the controller on the disk drive itself.  ATA and IDE are the same thing, with an interface that is 16 bits wide to match the old AT bus. master slave  The specification calls for a single channel, shared by two devices that are configured as master and slave.  ATA includes support for PIO modes 0, 1 and 2  ATA includes support for single word DMA modes 0, 1 and 2, and multiword DMA mode 0.

The only practical difference is that the PC will assign drive letters to the master drive before the slave drive, so that if you have a master and slave on the primary IDE channel and each has only one regular, primary partition, the master will be "C:" and the slave "D:". This means that the master drive (on the primary channel) is the one that is booted, and not the slave.

 A newer version of the IDE mass storage device interface standard developed by Western Digital Corporation. ◦It supports data rates of between 4 and 16.6 MBps, about three to four times faster than the old IDE standard.  It can support mass storage devices of up to 8.4 gigabytes, whereas the old standard was limited to 528 MB. Because of its lower cost, enhanced EIDE has replaced SCSI in many areas.  EIDE is sometimes referred to as Fast ATA or Fast IDE, which is essentially the same standard, developed and promoted by Seagate Technologies. It is also sometimes called ATA-2.

 ATA-2: Supports faster PIO modes (3 and 4) and multiword DMA modes (1 and 2). Also supports logical block addressing (LBA) and block transfers.  ATA-2 is marketed as Fast ATA and Enhanced IDE (EIDE).  PIO Mode MB/s  PIO Mode MB/s  DMA Multiword MB/s  DMA Multiword MB/s

 The newest version of the AT Attachment (ATA) standard, which supports burst mode data transfer rates of 33.3 MBps.  To take advantage of these high speeds, your computer must also be equipped with Ultra DMA, a protocol that supports faster data transfer rates to and from hard disk drives.  UDMA is a more advanced technology which provides for even faster throughput, up to 33.3 MB/s in UDMA mode 2 and 66.7 MB/s in UDMA mode 4, twice to four times that of EIDE, for much lower prices than SCSI. Many new computers come with large UDMA drives and UDMA interfaces, and it's possible to add a UDMA interface card (such as the Promise Ultra33 or Ultra66) to an existing system to boost speed, even on older non-UDMA drives.

 Logical Block Addressing  A method used with SCSI and IDE disk drives to translate the cylinder, head, and sector specifications of the drive into addresses that can be used by an enhanced BIOS.  LBA is used with drive's that are larger than 528 MB, and require an enhance BIOS that can handle LBA.  Logical Block Addressing (LBA) is used to allow DOS and Windows to use drives over 504MB.

 Small Computer Systems Interface  Small Computer Systems Interface, a standard developed by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI).  It specifies a universal, parallel, system-level interface for connecting up to eight devices (including the controller) on a single shared cable (called a SCSI bus).  A SCSI device can install on any SCSI bus, whether on a Mac, PC, or any computer with a SCSI adapter.

 SCSI-1: Uses an 8-bit bus, and supports data rates of 4 MBps  SCSI-2: Same as SCSI-1, but uses a 50-pin connector instead of a 25-pin connector, and supports multiple devices. This is what most people mean when they refer to plain SCSI.  Wide SCSI: Uses a wider cable (168 cable lines to 68 pins) to support 16-bit transfers.  Fast SCSI: Uses an 8-bit bus, but doubles the clock rate to support data rates of 10 MBps.  Fast Wide SCSI: Uses a 16-bit bus and supports data rates of 20 MBps.  Ultra SCSI: Uses an 8-bit bus, and supports data rates of 20 MBps.

 SCSI-3: Uses a 16-bit bus and supports data rates of 40 MBps. Also called Ultra Wide SCSI.  Ultra2 SCSI: Uses an 8-bit bus and supports data rates of 40 MBps.  Wide Ultra2 SCSI: Uses a 16-bit bus and supports data rates of 80 MBps.  Ultra320 SCSI : maximum throughput of 320MB/s using 80 MHz bus signaling 

 Remember that the SCSI specification allows devices other than a hard drive to be connected to the same cable, both internally and externally  The host adapter and every device must have a SCSI ID number between 0 and 7.  Usually, the host adapter is factory set at 7, the highest priority ID.  The cable must be terminated at both ends (the host adapter probably is self-terminating, and is commonly placed at one end. Make sure the termination is enabled. If the adapter is in the middle, you will need terminators at both ends.)

1. Low level formatting (LLF) ◦ This is the "true" formatting process for the disk. ◦ It creates the physical structures (tracks, sectors, control information) on the hard disk. ◦ Normally, this step begins with the hard disk platters "clean", containing no information. 2. Partitioning ◦ This process divides the disk into logical "pieces" that become different hard disk volumes (drive letters). ◦ This is an operating system function. 3. High level formatting (HLF) ◦ This final step is also an operating-system-level command. ◦ It defines the logical structures on the partition and places at the start of the disk any necessary operating system files.

 Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks ◦ use of multiple hard disk drives in an array that behaves in most respects like a single large  increased capacity, performance and reliability ◦ but they come with real costs.Nothing in life is free. ◦

 Self-Monitoring Analysis and Reporting Technology