Which of the causes of the revolution do you think will be solved by the end of the revolution? The inequality of the social classes or the collapse of government finances. Have students tell why they think the problems might have been solved.

Radicalization and Political Groups Abolition of the monarchy: Many members of the new National Convention were lawyers and other professionals with previous political experience. Almost all of them distrusted the king, so they abolished the monarchy and established a republic as the government of France. Political groups and the execution of the king: The various political clubs had different views on what should be done with the king. More moderate clubs outside Paris favored keeping him alive, while radical groups, such as the Jacobins, favored executing him so that he would not inspire revolutionary opponents. The latter prevailed, and Louis XVI was guillotined in Internal and external reactions: The Paris Commune was pressuring the National Convention to make more radical changes, but a number of people in different areas of the country, including major cities, refused to accept the authority of the National Convention. In response to the execution of the French king, a coalition of many European powers made war on France.

Discussion What was the purpose of the tricolor cockades? The National Convention declared that all French citizens should wear the red, white, and blue cockade in public; it had been adopted by revolutionaries after the fall of the Bastille and was a symbol of support for the revolution.

Background The first known use of the word émigré was in The term referred to the nobles and aristocrats who fled France during the French Revolution. Many émigrés settled in Koblenz, in the Rhineland of Germany. There, they set up a court surrounding King Louis XVI's oldest brother, who had also fled. A large group of émigrés also took refuge in England with another of the king's brothers. From their places of exile, many émigrés plotted against the revolutionary government, assisting foreign powers in their wars with France. After the revolution, Napoleon Bonaparte granted amnesty to the émigrés, and many returned to France.

Background The first known use of the word émigré was in The term referred to the nobles and aristocrats who fled France during the French Revolution. Many émigrés settled in Koblenz, in the Rhineland of Germany. There, they set up a court surrounding King Louis XVI's oldest brother, who had also fled. A large group of émigrés also took refuge in England with another of the king's brothers. From their places of exile, many émigrés plotted against the revolutionary government, assisting foreign powers in their wars with France. After the revolution, Napoleon Bonaparte granted amnesty to the émigrés, and many returned to France.

Discussion What changes did the radicals propose in voting requirements for the National Convention? They proposed that all representatives be elected through universal male suffrage.

Discussion How did universal male suffrage change voting requirements? It gave the vote to all adult males rather than just those who owned property.