A History

Turkic Migrations into Middle East Osman’s People Ottoman Expansion Ottoman Interregnum Taking of Constantinople

Strong Sultans: : Mehmet II (The Conqueror) Captured Constantinople : Bayezit II (The Just) Consolidated And Strengthened the Empire, defeated a major revolt : Selim I (The Steadfast) First Caliph: Doubled the Empire’s size, mostly in Asia and Africa : Suleyman I (The Magnificent) Expanded Empire into much of the Balkans : Nine different Sultans. Mostly weak.

Strong Sultans: : Mehmet II (The Conqueror) Captured Constantinople : Bayezit II (The Just) Consolidated And Strengthened the Empire, defeated a major revolt : Selim I (The Steadfast) First Caliph: Doubled the Empire’s size, mostly in Asia and Africa : Suleyman I (The Magnificent) Expanded Empire into much of the Balkans : Nine different Sultans. Mostly weak.

In addition to an era of military expansion, interesting cultural aspects of the Empire were developing.  1465: Completion of Topkapi palace in Istanbul, seat of Ottoman Power.  1492: Bayezit II makes a point of welcoming Jews exiled by Spain to Istanbul.  1547: Hapsburg leader Ferdinand recognizes Ottoman rule in Hungary  : Sultanate of Women

September 1683, Ottoman army once again laid siege to Vienna, troubling time for German princes who also had to confront Louis XIV on the Rhine. Jan Sobieski, King of Poland came to the aid of Vienna, sought diversion from internal disputes with nobility. Rode out upon Ottoman encampment, captured huge amounts of material supplies, symbolic tokens and “Veni, Vidi, Deus Vicit” *Spoiler Alert* Led to 1699 Peace of Carlowitz.

Military defeat and Political reorganization Defeat came on three fronts—the Balkans against the Hapsburgs, the Black Sea against the Russians, and the East against the Safavid Empire

“Great Turkish War of Vienna, 1683 Mohacs, 1687 Slankamen, 1691 Zenta, 1697 Treaty of Karlowitz, 1699 Treaty of Passarowitz, 1718

Azov, 1695 Treaty of Constantinople, 1700 Russo-Turkish War, Crimea Annexed, 1783

Loss of Azerbaijan,

Ottoman Military reforms Treaties vs. Actively seeking conflict The Serbian Revolution and other independence movements Tanzimat Period Crimean War

1856- Treaty of Paris Russo-Turkish War Treaty of San Stefano Congress of Berlin

1893- Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO) was founded – External Organization/ IMRO begin guerilla warfare Tripolitanian War 1912– Balkan Wars

1914 – World War I begins – Armenian Massacre Battle of Gallipoli 1920—Treaty of Sevres 1922—Most Greeks in Anatolian fled leaving only Turks 1923/1924—Sultanate and then Caliphate were abolished