Immigration, Integration

 WWI: « native » troops recruited into French army  Temporary immigration  Algeria major settler colony  Land expropriation

 Prior to independence (1962) French nationals  Subjects, not citizens  100,000 in 1924  Mining, iron, steel, car manufacture  Marseilles, Lyons, St Etienne, Strasbourg, Paris

 Stage 1: temporary, economic support to families  WWII: Statute of Algeria (1947): full citizenship for Algerian men  Unregulated passage between Algeria and France  Français-musulmans d’Algérie

 Stage 2: post-1947  1956: 300,000 Algerians in France  Poor living conditions, shanty towns.

 Algerian War of Independence ( )  FLN (Front de Libération Nationale) funded through taxes on Algerians in France.  Represssive reaction in France  Reinforced support for FLN

 Maurice Papon 1958: organised repression of FLN  October 1961: curfew  Peaceful demonstrations attacked  Over 50 Algerians killed by security forces



 1962: Accord d’Evian – Algerian Independence  1965: 500,000 Algerian nationals in France  Restrictions introduced in 1970s – end of Les Trente Glorieuses  Algerian presence temporary?

 Public housing restrictions  Segregated accommodation  « Overseeing » of Algerian community by former colonial police

 : 2 nd generation Algerians  Stereotyping of young males and women  Spatial dynamics: public housing estates and banlieues  Exhortation to « integrate »

 Ambiguity over nationality  Beurs = arabe = a-ra-be = beur  Islamic counter-culture  Beurgoisie

 Harkis  Fled Algeria in 1962  Interned in camps in rural France

 immigration/le-filmwww.histoire-immigration.fr/histoire-de-l- immigration/le-film

 Mid 19th Century: 2.5% foreigners (Savoyards)  1901: 4% (80% Italians)  Construction, manual work (glove-making)  1921: 7.7%  1931: 18% (national average 7%)

 St Laurent – rue Chenoise - Rue Très Cloître  Drop after 1931  1946: 8,2%  St Laurent: 90% Italian  82% Manual or skilled workers

 Shift in population: Portugueses, Spanish, North African  Progression southwards, Echirolles, Villeneuve  Largest English-speaking population outside Paris  2010: 15.6% foreigners (5.8% North Africans)



 No recognition of individuals according to racial criteria  Nationals ≠non-nationals  Remain foreign, become French

 Filiation = droit du sang  No droit du sol  French if one parent born in France = double droit du sol  Algeria: French if one parent born in Algeria before independence

 Foreign born children can become French if parents naturalized  Residency in France for more than 5 years  4 years of marriage

 2011: applicants justify assimilation into French community  Test of assimilation, sign charter