Curriculum, components, development and evaluation Dr. Farzana Mahdi Professor Department of Biochemistry farzana.mahdi@gmail.com

Curriculum Learning Objectives After this interaction, learner should be able to- -- Define and explain the concept of curriculum -- Enumerate curriculum foundations and components -- Explain the curriculum in his/her own subject area -- Discuss the importance and need for curriculum evaluation

Definition “Curriculum is a plan of action which incorporates the learning outcomes to be attained over a period of time by exposing the learner to various learning experiences”

What is a Curriculum? ? A statement of learning objectives ? A statement of learning experiences ? A statement of learning outcomes ? A listing of the subject matter (syllabus)

feedback and supervision. WHAT IS CURRICULUM? Entry requirements Flexibilities Intended aims & objectives, content, experiences, outcomes and processes of the educational programme Education structure Assessment system Length Programme organisation CURRICULUM Syllabus content: Knowledge, skills, attitudes, expertise to be achieved. Expected methods of learning, teaching, feedback and supervision.

Latin word means “ Race- course” Curriculum Latin word means “ Race- course” What it denotes?

It denotes Path to be followed Frame within which it has to be followed

? Curriculum Provides direction to both teachers as well as students Assists in selection of appropriate learning resource material Helps to adopt appropriate teaching-learning activities Helps in designing appropriate assessment tools Ultimately helps designing relevant and efficient educational programme

*Educational strategy Teaching Learning tools Educational Enviornment Curriculum Student What to learn *Content How to learn *Educational strategy Teaching Learning tools Assessment Educational Enviornment Learning Outcome

Curriculum Development

Models of curriculum Development The Tyler model The Taba Model The Saylor and Alexander Model The Goodlad Model The Hunkins Model The Miller and Seller Model The Zais Model

Zais Model Needs knowledge of – A – Curriculum foundations B – Curriculum components

Curriculum foundations  Answer of four basic questions give desired shape to curriculum Why a subject is being taught? Who is being taught? MBBS/BDS How a subject will be taught? face to face or distance mode What is to be achieved  Learning outcome

Why is anatomy being taught? Students understand the Inter- relationship of various structures of human body in better way Students score better in AIPGME/ state PGME/ USMLE Emphasis on basics Emphasis on recent advances

Curricular Components Educational Objectives what will the learner be able to do at the end of instructions. Educational Materials learning resources like books, manuals, models, A - V aids etc. Educational Methods denote the way the materials will be used e. g. lectures, practicals, group discussions, self study, field visits etc. Evaluation to certify the attainment of stipulated proficiency; and to provide a feedback to the learner and the teacher

Which is correct ? A B Objectives Materials Methods Assessment planning Assessment

“Begin with the end in mind”

√ Which is correct ? A B Objectives Materials Methods Assessment planning Assessment √

Curriculum development Curriculum planning should be flexible (example of communication skill) Same learning objective could be achieved by using different teaching methodology.

Curriculum development Approaches Subject centered Learner centered Problem solving

Subject centered approach Emphasis to complete subject matter Number of lectures / number of topics / number of hours are assigned    (Contemporary MBBS curriculum)

DISCIPLINE BASED O & G SURG MED PED FM PATH MICR PHARM CM ANAT PHYSIO BIO CH. BIO PHY MATH CHEM COMP G.K.

Learner centered approach Approaches Subject centered Learner centered Problem solving Emphasis on fulfilling the needs of learner. Students will be active and responsible participants in their own learning. Strengthens student motivation, promotes peer communication, builds student‐teacher relationships and promotes active learning. (Learner’s intent to crack PGME/USMLE/ NEET)

BE LEARNER ORIENTED STUDENT DECIDES ON Learning objectives Course contents Methods to be used to achieve objectives Learning resources Sequence and pace of learning. Time of Assessment BE LEARNER ORIENTED

Problem solving approach Approaches Subject centered Learner centered Problem solving Emphasis on ability of learner to solve a given problem Involves subject as well as learner centered approach

None of the approaches are entirely satisfactory

SPICES model of Medical curriculum (Harden et al 1984) Modern System Traditional System Student-centered - Teacher-centered Problem-based Information-gathering Integrated Discipline-based Community-based Hospital-based Electives Standard-program Systematic Apprenticeship-based (More the curriculum is on left side, the better it is )

INEGRATION HORIZONTOL VERTICAL SPIRAL

INTEGRATED Anatomy Biochemistry

Advantages of Integration Reduces fragmentation of medical course. Improves education effectiveness of teaching. Promotes staff communication and collaboration. Advantages of subject based Omission of topics is avoided. Content of discipline is not neglected. Less costly. Teacher friendly. Provides a career choice.

Curriculum Designs Student oriented Problem Based Integrated Teacher oriented Problem Based Information Gathering Integrated Discipline based Community Oriented Hospital based Elective Uniform Systematic Apprenticeship/ Opportunistic THE IDEAL MODEL?

Ideal Curriculum NATIONAL HEALTH POLICY Ex – I want them to appreciate theater. I want to become informed voters. I want them to become reflective practitioners Alignment (integration) occurs when the all of the elements are in alignment and bring students to achieve each successive higher level. To ENSURE THE TIME AND ENERGY ARE WELL INVESTED! Design with the end in mind… Work backwards from the highest level. The curriculum goals – in a course on chemistry, don’t teach sociology or women’s issues The instructor’s goals – you’re the professor, you don’t take a course, you take a professor… Pause, Think of the people who have influenced you most in your life. It’s likely one of those people was teacher or professor. What passion do you have for your subject? What is the single most important thing you want students to get out of your course? Team Building I want them to think like team building consultants Ilene V. I want them to think like group dynamics consultants D. Cox I want them to develop cogent points of view on health issues Rachel Burks I want them to become informed voters on scientific issues Richard Gist I want them to become informed consumers of advertising Tom C. I want them to appreciate theater

Ideal Curriculum NATIONAL HEALTH POLICY STATE HEALTH POLICY Ex – I want them to appreciate theater. I want to become informed voters. I want them to become reflective practitioners Alignment (integration) occurs when the all of the elements are in alignment and bring students to achieve each successive higher level. To ENSURE THE TIME AND ENERGY ARE WELL INVESTED! Design with the end in mind… Work backwards from the highest level. The curriculum goals – in a course on chemistry, don’t teach sociology or women’s issues The instructor’s goals – you’re the professor, you don’t take a course, you take a professor… Pause, Think of the people who have influenced you most in your life. It’s likely one of those people was teacher or professor. What passion do you have for your subject? What is the single most important thing you want students to get out of your course? Team Building I want them to think like team building consultants Ilene V. I want them to think like group dynamics consultants D. Cox I want them to develop cogent points of view on health issues Rachel Burks I want them to become informed voters on scientific issues Richard Gist I want them to become informed consumers of advertising Tom C. I want them to appreciate theater

Ideal Curriculum NATIONAL HEALTH POLICY STATE HEALTH POLICY UNIVERSITY GOALS Ex – I want them to appreciate theater. I want to become informed voters. I want them to become reflective practitioners Alignment (integration) occurs when the all of the elements are in alignment and bring students to achieve each successive higher level. To ENSURE THE TIME AND ENERGY ARE WELL INVESTED! Design with the end in mind… Work backwards from the highest level. The curriculum goals – in a course on chemistry, don’t teach sociology or women’s issues The instructor’s goals – you’re the professor, you don’t take a course, you take a professor… Pause, Think of the people who have influenced you most in your life. It’s likely one of those people was teacher or professor. What passion do you have for your subject? What is the single most important thing you want students to get out of your course? Team Building I want them to think like team building consultants Ilene V. I want them to think like group dynamics consultants D. Cox I want them to develop cogent points of view on health issues Rachel Burks I want them to become informed voters on scientific issues Richard Gist I want them to become informed consumers of advertising Tom C. I want them to appreciate theater

Objectives - Assessments & Teaching Strategies NATIONAL HEALTH POLICY Ideal Curriculum STATE HEALTH POLICY UNIVERSITY GOALS Curriculum Goals Department Goals Ex – I want them to appreciate theater. I want to become informed voters. I want them to become reflective practitioners Alignment (integration) occurs when the all of the elements are in alignment and bring students to achieve each successive higher level. To ENSURE THE TIME AND ENERGY ARE WELL INVESTED! Design with the end in mind… Work backwards from the highest level. The curriculum goals – in a course on chemistry, don’t teach sociology or women’s issues The instructor’s goals – you’re the professor, you don’t take a course, you take a professor… Pause, Think of the people who have influenced you most in your life. It’s likely one of those people was teacher or professor. What passion do you have for your subject? What is the single most important thing you want students to get out of your course? Team Building I want them to think like team building consultants Ilene V. I want them to think like group dynamics consultants D. Cox I want them to develop cogent points of view on health issues Rachel Burks I want them to become informed voters on scientific issues Richard Gist I want them to become informed consumers of advertising Tom C. I want them to appreciate theater Objectives - Assessments & Teaching Strategies

Objectives - Assessments & Teaching Strategies NATIONAL HEALTH POLICY Ideal Curriculum STATE HEALTH POLICY UNIVERSITY GOALS Curriculum Goals Department Goals Objectives - Assessments & Teaching Strategies Ex – I want them to appreciate theater. I want to become informed voters. I want them to become reflective practitioners Alignment (integration) occurs when the all of the elements are in alignment and bring students to achieve each successive higher level. To ENSURE THE TIME AND ENERGY ARE WELL INVESTED! Design with the end in mind… Work backwards from the highest level. The curriculum goals – in a course on chemistry, don’t teach sociology or women’s issues The instructor’s goals – you’re the professor, you don’t take a course, you take a professor… Pause, Think of the people who have influenced you most in your life. It’s likely one of those people was teacher or professor. What passion do you have for your subject? What is the single most important thing you want students to get out of your course? Team Building I want them to think like team building consultants Ilene V. I want them to think like group dynamics consultants D. Cox I want them to develop cogent points of view on health issues Rachel Burks I want them to become informed voters on scientific issues Richard Gist I want them to become informed consumers of advertising Tom C. I want them to appreciate theater D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 Dn Assignments

Present situation of medical education UNIV. GOAL NATIONAL HEALTH POLICY STATE HEALTH POLICY Curriculum Goals Department Goals Objectives - Assessments & Teaching Strategies What happens of the pieces are not in alignment? Well, remember the purpose of SP&DNT to justify the effort involved. If the web components SP or DNT they enhance T & L enough to justify the effort. What if you create an online discussion that lasts one week or longer – or create a series of OD’s – that have no relevance to the course objectives? You’ve just created an assignment that involves a lot of work for you and your students that has little payoff. The aim here is to ensure the time and effort are well invested. The purpose of TETL isn’t to add more assignments and online components to your course. The purpose is to find alternate ways to accomplish your objectives that enable you to SP & DNT. = a different way to teach the course and when it works it should be a way that you find more effective. D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 Dn Assignments

Curricular determinants National health objectives Institutional Objectives Departmental Objectives Subject Content Learning experiences Assessment plan

Curriculum Development: A Six Step Approach David E Kern

Contents Step 1 Problem Identification and General Needs Assessment Step 2 Targeted Needs Assessment Step 3 Goals and Objectives Step 4 Educational Strategies Step 5 Implementation Step 6 Evaluation and Feedback

CURRICULUM IS TOO IMPORTANT NOT TO BE EVALUATED

WHAT CAN EVALUATION ADDRESS? intentions vs achievement: curriculum in practice outcomes & effects structure content relevance EVALUATION teaching process learning professional induction cost-benefit the unexpected qualities of graduates But almost never, cause and effect

THE EVALUATION SYSTEM OUTCOME PURPOSE CONTEXT METHOD Decision Communication Curriculum change & development

APPROACH There is no one ‘correct’ approach Your evaluation MUST be based on your defined objectives. Remember: Evaluation is part of a change management process for curriculum renewal

"Curriculum is in the air. No matter what the problem in medical education, curriculum is looked to as the solution“ R M Harden