Appearance of real linear polymer chains as recorded using an atomic force microscope on surface under liquid medium. Chain contour length for this polymer.

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Appearance of real linear polymer chains as recorded using an atomic force microscope on surface under liquid medium. Chain contour length for this polymer is ~204 nm; thickness is ~0.4 nm. (The contour length of a polymer chain is its length at maximum physically possible extension). contour length Linear Polymers:

Branched Polymer: Linear Polymer:

Cross-linked Polymer:Linear Polymer:

Star Polymer:

Dendrimers:

Cellulose Cellulose, a linear polymer of D-glucose units (two are shown) linked byglucose β(1→4)-glycosidic bonds.glycosidic bonds Natural Polymers: Polymers in Plants

Starch

Natural Rubber Natural rubber is a polymer of isoprenerubberpolymer Charles GOODYEAR discovered vulcanization in 1839

Protein Natural Polymers: Polymers in Animals

Functions of Proteins All enzymes are proteins. Structural: e.g. collagen in teehth and bone; keratin in skin, hair and nails. Contractile proteins: actin and myosin in muscles allow contraction and therefore movement. Hormones: many hormones have a protein structure (e.g. insulin, glucagon, growth hormone). Transport: for example, haemoglobin facilitates the transport of oxygen around the body Defence: immunoglobulins (antibodies) protect the body against foreign invaders; fibrinogen in the blood is vital for the clotting process.

(polymer of the N-Acetylglucosamine units) Chitin the exoskeletons of crabs, lobsters and shrimps

Cellulose nitrate Semi-synthetic Polymers: Cellulose nitrate and cellulose acetate Cellulose triacetate obtained from natural polymers by subjecting them to some chemical processes

Bakelite (1909) 1950s Black Bakelite Telephone Blue Bakelite Handle Synthetic Polymers Bakelite Sockets & Switches

Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) (1935) PMMA sheet (organic glass) Plexiglass aquarium

Polystyrene (1937) rigid polystyrene case, weight 2.6 Kg Styrofoam - a brand of polystyrene foam

Nylon 6,6 (1938) A 1949 advertisement in Life Magazine sings the praises of nylon products. Natural animal bristles were replaced by synthetic fibers, usually nylon, by DuPont in 1938.

Polyesters (1950) Poly(ethylene terephthalate)-PET bottles Recycled PET Fabric

Polycarbonates (1957) Lexan MR-10 windshields GE Lexan® face shield