Theoretical Perspectives on Leadership: Foundations of Leadership Studies 4/11/2017 Theoretical Perspectives on Leadership: Situational Leadership Theory Leader-Member Exchange Theory Lecture 11: Leader-member exchange theory

Foundations of Leadership Studies 4/11/2017 Outline Hersey and Blanchard’s Situational Leadership Theory (SLT) Leader Member Exchange Theory (LMX) Perspective-Taking Exercise Lecture 11: Leader-member exchange theory

Hersey and Blanchard’s Situational Leadership Theory Foundations of Leadership Studies 4/11/2017 Hersey and Blanchard’s Situational Leadership Theory Follower readiness: ability and willingness Leader: decreasing need for support and supervision Lecture 11: Leader-member exchange theory

Situational Leadership Theory Foundations of Leadership Studies 4/11/2017 Situational Leadership Theory Emphasizes the situational contingency of maturity, or “readiness,” of followers. Readiness is the extent to which people have the ability and willingness to accomplish a specific task. Lecture 11: Leader-member exchange theory

Foundations of Leadership Studies 4/11/2017 Situational Leadership Theory Appropriate leadership style is contingent on the followers’ readiness Readiness - extent to which people have the ability and willingness to accomplish a specific task Based on two leadership dimensions Task (or directive) behaviors Relationship (or supportive) behaviors Lecture 11: Leader-member exchange theory

Situational Leadership Theory Foundations of Leadership Studies 4/11/2017 Situational Leadership Theory Posits four stages follower readiness: R1: Low readiness followers are unable and unwilling R2: Low to moderate readiness followers are unable but willing R3: Moderate to high readiness followers are able but unwilling R4: High readiness followers are able and willing Lecture 11: Leader-member exchange theory

The Four Leadership Styles Foundations of Leadership Studies 4/11/2017 The Four Leadership Styles High Participating Selling Supportive Behavior Delegating Telling Low Low Directive Behavior High Lecture 11: Leader-member exchange theory

Situational Leadership Theory Foundations of Leadership Studies 4/11/2017 Situational Leadership Theory Four specific leadership styles (incorporating directive & supportive leadership dimensions): Telling: high task-low relationship leadership Selling: high task-high relationship leadership Participating: low task-high relationship leadership Delegating: low task-low relationship leadership Lecture 11: Leader-member exchange theory

Matching Leadership style with Development Level Foundations of Leadership Studies 4/11/2017 Matching Leadership style with Development Level Leader style and follower readiness. A telling style is best for low readiness. A selling style is best for low to moderate readiness. A participating style is best for moderate to high readiness. A delegating style is best for high readiness. Lecture 11: Leader-member exchange theory

Hersey and Blanchard’s Situational Leadership Model Foundations of Leadership Studies 4/11/2017 Hersey and Blanchard’s Situational Leadership Model Lecture 11: Leader-member exchange theory

Hersey and Blanchard’s Situational Leadership Theory Foundations of Leadership Studies Hersey and Blanchard’s Situational Leadership Theory 4/11/2017 Leader Behavior High Participating S3 Share ideas and facilitate in decision making Selling S2 Explain decisions and provide opportunity for clarification Relationship Behavior (supportive behavior) Delegating S4 Turn over responsibility for decisions and implementation Telling S1 Provide specific instructions and closely supervise performance Low Low Task Behavior High Follower Readiness High Moderate Low R4 R3 R2 R1 Follower-Directed Leader-Directed Lecture 11: Leader-member exchange theory

The Leader-Member Exchange Approach Foundations of Leadership Studies 4/11/2017 The Leader-Member Exchange Approach Stresses the importance of variable relationships between leaders and each of their followers. Lecture 11: Leader-member exchange theory

The Leader-Member Exchange (LMX Model) Foundations of Leadership Studies The Leader-Member Exchange (LMX Model) 4/11/2017 This model is based on the idea that one of two distinct types of leader-member exchange relationships evolve, and these exchanges are related to important work outcomes. - in-group exchange: a partnership characterized by mutual trust, respect and liking - out-group exchange: a partnership characterized by a lack of mutual trust, respect and liking Lecture 11: Leader-member exchange theory

The Leader-Member Exchange LMX Model Foundations of Leadership Studies 4/11/2017 The Leader-Member Exchange LMX Model Leader F 1 F 5 F 3 F 4 F 2 Out-group viewed as incompetent, untrustworthy, and poorly motivated In-group viewed as competent, trustworthy, and highly motivated Lecture 11: Leader-member exchange theory

Foundations of Leadership Studies 4/11/2017 LMX Model Stages of Relationship Development Phase 1: Testing and assessment Phase 2: Development of trust Phase 3: Creation of emotional bond Lecture 11: Leader-member exchange theory

Factors Influencing the Relationship Foundations of Leadership Studies 4/11/2017 Factors Influencing the Relationship Member attributes influence relationship extroversion abilities ingratiation behaviors Affective responses influence the relationship perceived similarity attraction leads to increased interaction trust Lecture 11: Leader-member exchange theory

Foundations of Leadership Studies 4/11/2017 Outcomes of LMX High‑LMX relationship groups tends to outperform low‑LMX relationship groups Outcomes: Productivity Job satisfaction Organizational commitment Employee resignation Salary and promotion Lecture 11: Leader-member exchange theory

Foundations of Leadership Studies 4/11/2017 Gender and LMX Gender differences influence interactions Mixed gender relationships supervisors rate performance lower supervisors report liking subordinate less subordinates experience greater role ambiguity Lecture 11: Leader-member exchange theory

Foundations of Leadership Studies 4/11/2017 Perspective-Taking Ability to “read” leader or member important in LMX Use role-taking skills to entertain the point of view of another Associated with +patience +reasonableness +sensitivity -aggressiveness -sarcasm Lecture 11: Leader-member exchange theory

Perspective-Taking Exercise Foundations of Leadership Studies 4/11/2017 Perspective-Taking Exercise Instructions. This task will be similar to a game of Pictionary. You have each been given a card with a word on it. First, one of you will draw in order to get your partner to say the word on your card. Then, your partner will draw for you. It makes no difference who goes first and who goes second. You are to draw anything you wish to draw in order to get your partner to say the word on your card. Lecture 11: Leader-member exchange theory

Foundations of Leadership Studies 4/11/2017 Exercise Rules 1) While drawing, you may not speak to your partner or use hand gestures to communicate with your partner. 2) You may not use numbers, letters, or the number sign (#) in your drawings. 3) You may not write any part of the word, even if your partner has said a part of the word. 4) Your partner must say the word EXACTLY as it appears on the card. 5) You will have 3 minutes in which to draw and for your partner to guess. Good Luck!! Lecture 11: Leader-member exchange theory

Perspective-Taking Questions Foundations of Leadership Studies 4/11/2017 Perspective-Taking Questions When you were drawing, did you draw toward yourself or toward your partner? How do you think your score on the perspective-taking questionnaire might relate to your performance on this task? How do you think one’s tendency or ability to take the perspective (i.e., point of view) of another might influence the ways in which leaders and subordinates interact? Lecture 11: Leader-member exchange theory