Concepts for 2nd lang. Acq. L2 acquisition vs. growing up bilingually (p. 342) “[Some] view bilingualism as transitory phenomenon associated with immigration.” (p. 343) Theories of bilingualism Unitary hypothesis Separate system hypothesis (two monolinguals in one head) Role of Input How much input should they get in each language?

Questions about L1 & L2 Acquisition Do bilinguals have advantages over monolinguals? Metalinguistic awareness Cognitive benefits? (p. 346) Should we encourage bilingualism from birth? Should schools place more of a priority on learning a second language?

L2 Acquisition continued fossilization (p. 346) factors that influence ultimate success for adults age (heritage speakers) talent positive perception of L2 personality factors (tolerance for ambiguity, self- esteem) learning environment

L2 acquisition interlanguage L2 and L1 acquisition similar or fundamentally different

L2 Acquisition interference from L1 [ r a j t ] and [ l a j t ] not phonemic for Japanese [ ð ] does not exist in French German question movement is similar to English for questions, but not in Japanese Spanish is a pro-drop language idioms don’t seem to be an issue

L1 and L2 Acquisition of English Natural Order for L1 -ing plural -s be verb articles the/a third person –s Natural Order for L2 -ing plural –s articles the/a third person -s

Critical Period for L2? sensitive…especially for phonology

Ways to teach second language Grammar based vs. Natural Method

Some languages are harder? Depends on where you are and where you’re going Most difficult aspect of L2 is vocabulary Analytic aspects first followed by inflectional and derivational suffixes (p. 54)