Section 1 Bones (Osteology) Dr.Pardeep Kumar

Skeleton The skeleton is described into 2 parts Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton

Axial skeleton It consists of Skull Vertebral Column Sternum Ribs

Appendicular skeleton It consists of Bones of Upper Limb & Shoulder Clavicle Scapula Humerus Ulna Radius Carpals [Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetral, Pisiform, ] [Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate,] Metacarpals Phalanges

Bones of Lower Limb & Pelvis Hip Bone Femur Tibia Fibula Patella Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges

Vertebral Column It consists of 7 Cervical [Atlas, Axilla] 12 Thoracic 5 Lumbar 1 Sacrum [5 fused bone] 1 Coccyx [4 fused bone] The bodies of the bones are separated from each other by intervertebral discs consisting of Cartilage.

Thoracic Cage Is formed by 12 thoracic Vertebrae 12 pairs if Ribs 1 Sternum

General Description Bone Markings Condyle (rounded articular area) Elvations Depressions Condyle (rounded articular area) Crest (ridge of bone) Epicondyle (eminence adjacent to a condyle) Line (linear elevation) Malleolus (rounded process) Facet (flattend articular surface) Process (prominence area) Protuberance (projection) Spine (pointed projection) Spinous process (projecting spinelike part) Head (prominent articular end) Trochanter (large, blunt elevation) Tubercle (small, raised eminence) Tuberosity (large, rounded elevation) Foramen (hole) Fossa (depression) Groove or sulcus (furrow depression) Fissure (slit-like opening) Notch (indentation) Sinus (cavity or hallow space in a bone)

Axial Skeleton Bones of the Trunk 1. Vertebrae 2. Sternum 3. Ribs

Ⅰ. The Vertebrae 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral and In a child, the normal number of the separate vertebrae is 33, which include 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral and 4 coccygeal vertebrae.

7 cervical vertebrae 12 thoracic vertebrae 5 lumbar vertebrae 5 sacral vertebrae 4 coccygeal vertebrae

7 cervical vertebrae 12 thoracic vertebrae 5 lumbar vertebrae 5 sacral vertebrae 4 coccygeal vertebrae

Bones of the Trunk 1. Composition: A. The Vertebrae Cervical vertebrae: C1 – C7 Thoracic vertebrae: T1 – T12 Lumbar vertebrae: L1 – L5 L2 L1 T7 C3 T6 L5 C4 T12 C5 C7 T9 T6

Bones of the Trunk 2. General Feature of a Vertebra 1) vertebral body (centrum) 2) vertebral arch -- a. pedicles superior & inferior notches b. laminae vertebral arch → 7 processes i. Spinous process ii. 2-Transverse process iii. 2-Superior articular process iv. 2-Inferior articular proc. 3) vertebral foramen vertebral canal Intervertebral notch

Bones of the Trunk 3. Special Vertebrae 2) Axis (C2) odontoid process 1) Atlas (C1) a. anterior arch b. posterior arch c. lateral masses C7 2) Axis (C2) odontoid process 3) Vertebra prominens (C7) spinous process non-bifid, long Landmark: spinous process can be easily felt.

In the adult, the 5 sacral vertebrae fused with each other to form the sacrum, 4 coccygeal vertebrae to form the coccyx

The pedicle of vertebral arch Spinous process Transverse prosess Superior articular process The pedicle of vertebral arch vertebral body Vertebral foramen The fourth thoracic vertebra

Superior articular process vertebral body Transverse costal fovea Transverse prosess Spinous process Vertebral foramen The fourth thoracic vertebra

The pedicle of vertebral arch Superior vertebral notch The pedicle of vertebral arch inferior vertebral notch inferior articular process vertebral body Spinous process

Transverse costal fovea superior costal fovea inferior costal fovea intervertebral foramen The lateral view of the 6th 7th and 8th thoracic vertebrae

The main characteristics of vertebrae in each region The thoracic vertebrae The characters of thoracic vertebrae are as follows: (1)They have two costal fovea on each side of their bodies; (2) They have transverse fovea on their transverse processes (apart from those of the lower two thoracic vertebrae). (3)The spines of thoracic vertebrae are long and downward sloping, the articular facets of articular processes are relatively vertical.

Transverse costal fovea superior costal fovea inferior costal fovea Spinous process

The lateral view of the 6th 7th and 8th thoracic vertebrae Transverse costal fovea superior costal fovea inferior costal fovea The lateral view of the 6th 7th and 8th thoracic vertebrae

2-Cervical Vertebrae The characters of Cervical vertebrae are as follows: (1)They have transverse foramen in each transverse process; (2)The end of the transverse process is bifurcated into anterior and posterior tubercls. (3)The spines are short and bifid except the first and the seventh.

The fourth cervical vertebra, superior view Spinous process Vertebral foramen Transverse foramen posterior tubercle anterior tubercle The fourth cervical vertebra, superior view

The fourth cervical vertebra, superior view anterior tubercle Transverse foramen posterior tubercle bifid spinous process The fourth cervical vertebra, superior view

The first cervical vertebra which is also called as the atlas, It has no body and no spine. It consists of anterior and posterior arches united on each side by a lateral mass. There is fovea dentis at the middle of the posterior surface of the anterior arch.

The superior view of the atlas Superior articular surface posterior arch lateral mass fovea dentis anterior arch The superior view of the atlas

The superior view of the atlas Superior articular surface anterior arch lateral mass fovea dentis posterior arch The superior view of the atlas

The inferior view of the atlas posterior tubercle inferior articular surface Transverse foramen fovea dentis anterior tubercle The inferior view of the atlas

The inferior view of the atlas inferior articular surface anterior tubercle Transverse foramen posterior tubercle The inferior view of the atlas

The second cervical vertebra which is also called as the axis, It bears the odontoid process (dens) on the superior aspect of its body, on which there is an anterior articular surface of dens for articulation with the fovea dentis of atlas.

The superior view of the axis dens posterior articular surface The superior view of the axis

The anterior view of the axis dens anterior articular surface The anterior view of the axis

The seventh cervical vertebra, superior view The seventh cervical vertebra is known as vertebra prominens. Its nonbifid spine is relatively long and can be easily felt. Transverse foramen Vertebral foramen Spinous process The seventh cervical vertebra, superior view

3. The lumbar vertebrae Their vertebral bodies are larger than those of other vertebrae. The spines of them are strong, square and horizontal. The articular processes of lumbar vertebrae are almost straight in a vertical plane with articular facets which lie in the sagittal plane.

The fourth lumbar vertebra, lateral view Superior articular process Spinous process inferior articular process vertebral body The fourth lumbar vertebra, lateral view

The fourth lumbar vertebra, superior view vertebral body Superior articular process The articular surface of superior articular process The fourth lumbar vertebra, superior view

spinal cord The first lumbar vertebra The fourth lumbar vertebra

 Comparison of the regional vertebrae. Bones of the Trunk  Comparison of the regional vertebrae. Structures Items Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Body (Shape) (Size) (Structure) elliptic small uncus process heart-shape medium costal facets bean shaped large Vertebral Foramen (Shape) (Size) triangular Round Spinous Process (Direction) (Shape) (Size) posterior Bifid Inferoposterior Slender long lattened Transverse Process (Direction) (Shape) (Structure) anterolateral widened foramen transverse posterolateral club-shaped costal facet lateral slender accessory process Articular Surface (Position) horizontal coronary sagittal

Thoracic vertebrae Lumbar vertebrae Cervical vertebrae

anterior sacral foramen 4.The sacrum It is made up of five fused vertebrae and roughly triangular. The sacrum possesses a base, a apex, the anterior (pelvic), dorsal, and lateral surfaces. Base of sacrum promentory of sacrum anterior sacral foramen Transverse line Apex of sacrum anterior view of sacrum

Bones of the Trunk The Sacrum B. The Sacrum & Coccyx S1 - S5 sacral vertebrae fused after puberty. 1. Base -- promontory, ala, superior articular process 2. Apex of Sacrum

Bones of the Trunk 3. Pelvic (Anterior) Surface – transverse lines (ridges) anterior sacral foramen 4. Dorsal (Posterior) Surface median sacral crest posterior sacral foramen sacral horn sacral tuberosity Acupuncture therapy at “eight holes”: acupuncture therapy at the eight posterior sacral foramina for some diseases in pelvis.

Bones of the Trunk 5. Lateral Part – auricular surface 6. Sacral Hiatus Sacral anesthesia: anesthetic agents are injected through the sacral hiatus for anal operation. Sacralization: enlarged transverse process in one or two sides of L5, which looks like parts of the sacrum Lumbarization: S1 is fused with the tranverse processes of the L5.

poserior sacral foramen sacral canal poserior sacral foramen Auricular surface Median sacral crest sacral hiatus sacral cornu posterior view of sacrum

Bones of the Trunk The Coccyx fused of 3-4 coccygeal vertebrae at 30 years. Coccygeal cornua Coccygeal apex Anterior view Posterior view Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University Systematic Anatomy

anterior view of coccyx It is roughly triangular, tapering to an apex below. The base is articulated with the apex of the sacrum. Coccygeal cornu Transverse prosess anterior view of coccyx

When the vertebrae are placed in series, these foramina form the vertebral canal which lodges the spinal cord and its coverings.

Bones of the Trunk Ⅱ. The Ribs (Costae ) Each rib consists of the costal bone and the costal cartilage. The ribs are connected behind with the vertebral column and are twelve in number on each side.

Bones of the Trunk Ribs (costal bone & costal cartilage) Division: 1. true ribs: R1 – R7 2. false ribs: R8 – R12 floating ribs: R11 – R12 Structures: 1. Costal Head 2. Costal Neck 3. Costal Body costal tubercle costal angle costal groove

anterior view of thoracic cage costal cartilage Rib costal bone sternum costal arch The eleventh rib The twelfth rib anterior view of thoracic cage

The seventh costal bone costal tubercle costal head costal angle costal shaft costal neck costal groove Lateral surface medial surface Anterior end The seventh costal bone

The seventh costal bone costal shaft Anterior end medial surface costal angle costal groove costal tubercle costal head costal neck The seventh costal bone

sulcus for subclvian artery costal neck costal tubercle costal head sulcus for subclvian artery Tubercle for scalenus anterior sulcus for subclvian vein Anterior end Superior view of the first costal bone

Tuberosity for serratus anterior costal tubercle costal neck costal head Tuberosity for serratus anterior Anterior end Superior view of the second costal bone

The second rib The first rib The twelfth rib

The upper seven pairs of ribs connected anteriorly by their costal cartilages to the sternum, and are referred to as true ribs. The lower five pairs of ribs fail to reach the sternum, and are referred to as false ribs. The costal cartilages of the eighth, ninth and tenth pairs of ribs join the costal cartilage immediately above to form the costal arch. The cartilages of the eleventh and twelfth are free. So the two ribs are called floating ribs

short, curved, flattened. Bones of the Trunk First Rib short, curved, flattened. Superior surface tubercle for scalenus anterior sulcus for subclavian a. sulcus for subclavian v. Inferior surface Fracture of the rib: frequently multiple by direct or indirect violence.

Bones of the Trunk 3-The Sternum jugular (suprasternal) notch 1.Manubrium – jugular (suprasternal) notch clavicular notch costal notch 2. Body -- costal notches 3. Xiphoid Process junction of manubrium & body → Sternal (Louis) Angle (which is slightly convex forward and easily palpated even in the obese.) Fused as one bone at the age of >40 Localization of rib: level of sternal angle is at second rib. 150˚

Bones of the Trunk Sternum 2nd costal notch Ant. View Post. View 7th costal notch

Anterior view of sternum Jugular notch Clavicular notch Manubrium of sternum Sternal angle Body of sternum Costal notch Xiphoid process Anterior view of sternum

Costal notch for the second rib For the lateral sides of the sternal angle are articulated with the second costal cartilage, so according to this, the order of the ribs and the intercostal space can be determined. Manubrium of sternum Sternal angle Costal notch for the second rib Body of sternum Xiphoid process Lateral view of sternum