April 22, 2010 DRILL What is structural technology? U3i - L1 April 22, 2010 DRILL What is structural technology? What comes to mind when you hear the word “structure”?

Structural Technology U3i - L1 Structural Technology The technology of putting mechanical parts and materials together to create supports, containers, shelters, connectors, and functional shapes. Example applications: Legs on a chair, City water tower, Swimming pool, Roadways and Bridges, Bicycle spokes Airplane wing, Satellite antenna disc.

UNIT 3 – Engineering Design U3i - L1 UNIT 3 – Engineering Design Engineering, the systematic application of mathematical, scientific, and technical principles, produces tangible end products that meet our needs and desires.

UNIT 3 – Engineering Design U3i - L1 UNIT 3 – Engineering Design Getting familiar with the Big Idea The Design Process Core Technologies Mechanical Technology Electrical Technology Fluid Technology Thermal Technology Optical Technology Materials Technology Biotechnology Structural Technology

Structural Technology U3i - L1 Structural Technology PURPOSE OF SUB-UNIT To familiarize students with the functioning and applications of structural technology systems.

Technology What is technology? U3i - L1 Technology What is technology? The application of knowledge, tools, and skills to solve problems and extend human capabilities. What is a technology system? A Technology System is a group of subsystems working together to solve problems and extend human capabilities.

Structural Technology U3i - L1 Structural Technology The “building blocks” of all technology systems CORE TECHNOLOGIES Core Technologies Mechanical Structural Electrical Electronic Thermal Fluid Optical Bio-Tech Material

Structural Technology U3i - L1 Structural Technology Structural engineers are responsible for structural integrity. Structural failures do not occur very often, but when they do, we hear about it: Tacoma Narrows bridge (1940) Challenger Space Shuttle (1986) Columbia Space Shuttle (2003) Chernobyl Nuclear Reactor (1986) 2007 Missouri bridge collapse As late as 1870’s and 1880’s, 25 bridges a year collapsed on the American roadways. Many people can be killed when engineered structures fail.

Structural Technology U3i - L1 Structural Technology Almost everything is a structure of some kind: Humans Plants Animals Houses Vehicles Tables Bottles

The “First Modern Engineer” U3i - L1 The “First Modern Engineer” Galileo Galilei (1564 – 1642) The “Father of Modern Physics” The “Father of Modern Science” Research into the strengths of materials Prior to Galileo, the size and shape of most structures was determined by the traditions and rules of highly skilled craftsmen.

Structural Technology U3i - L1 Structural Technology Structural designs advanced by trial and error until modern engineers were able to anticipate the characteristics of new buildings, bridges, and other structures. Engineers apply science and mathematics to the problem of designing safe structures. Many engineering principles are based on common sense.

Structural Technology U3i - L1 Structural Technology Newton’s 3 Laws of Motion: Inertia: objects at rest stay at rest; objects in motion stay in motion F = ma Action/Reaction: for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

Structural Technology U3i - L1 Structural Technology Another way to look at it: How much do you weigh? You are pushing down on the earth that amount of force. The earth is pushing up on you with an equal amount. What would happen if the earth were pushing up with more force? Less force?

U3i - L1 Strength of Materials Strength of a construction material is the capacity to support loads by resisting the 4 structural forces. Strength depends on materials’: Type Size Shape Placement

U3i - L1 Structural Forces Four types of force exert stress on building materials: Compression – push; tends to flatten/buckle Tension – pull; tends to stretch Shear – slide; material fractures Torsion – twist; twist out of shape or fracture

U3i - L1 Structural Forces Tension

U3i - L1 Structural Forces Compression

U3i - L1 Structural Forces Torsion

U3i - L1 Structural Forces Shear

U3i - L1 Structural Forces Compression Tension

Strength of Materials Is bending one of the structural forces? U3i - L1 Strength of Materials Is bending one of the structural forces? Deflection – bending that results from both tension and compression acting on a member at the same time. Vertical Horizontal COMPRESSION TENSION COMPRESSION TENSION

U3i - L1 Strength of Materials No deflection

The total weight or mass of all live and dead loads is the Total Load. U3i - L1 Structural Forces A structure must contend with two types of loads: Dead Loads: permanent loads that do not change. The weight of building materials and permanently installed components: Lumber, brick, glass, nails, steel beams, concrete Live Loads: the weight of all moveable objects, such as people and furniture in a house, vehicles on a bridge. Includes weight of snow, ice, dead leaves, and force of winds. The total weight or mass of all live and dead loads is the Total Load.

U3i - L1 Structural Forces A building supports the following loads in the middle of winter: 10,000 lbs of lumber 1000 lbs. of snow and ice 40,000 lbs of brick 300 lbs of wind 600 lbs of glass 200 lbs of nails Calculate the Live Load. Calculate the Dead Load. Live Load: 1000 lbs. + 300 lbs. 1,300 lbs. Dead Load: 10,000 lbs. 40,000 lbs. 600 lbs. + 200 lbs. 50,800 lbs.

Structural Forces Live Load = 1,300 lbs. Dead Load = 50,800 lbs. U3i - L1 Structural Forces Live Load = 1,300 lbs. Dead Load = 50,800 lbs. Calculate the Total Load: Total Load = Live + Dead Load = 1,300 lbs. + 50,800 lbs. Total Load = 52,100 lbs.

Work on your Research Project U3i - L1 Work on your Research Project Rough draft sketch of poster and information due Thursday