NEM 204 REVIEW OF INTRODUCTORY NEMATOLOGY. CROP ESTI-ACRESFARM $$ LOSS MATEDVALUE % LOSS FIELD CROPS 61,091,1662,791,345,185307,047,970 FRUITS & NUTS.

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NEM 204 REVIEW OF INTRODUCTORY NEMATOLOGY

CROP ESTI-ACRESFARM $$ LOSS MATEDVALUE % LOSS FIELD CROPS 61,091,1662,791,345,185307,047,970 FRUITS & NUTS 121,883,2044,026,765,267483,211,832 VEGE- TABLES 116,402,6132,947,240,705176,834,442 ORNAMEN- TALS 101,185,878,000118,587,800 TOTAL1,085,682,045 TOTAL CALIFORNIA CASH FARM VALUE = $16,838,870,235 (NOTE: % LOSS ESTIMATES ARE FROM THE SOCIETY OF NEMATOLOGISTS FOR U.S. AS A WHOLE) ESTIMATED LOSSES DUE TO NEMATODES IN CALIFORNIA:

ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE (RKN) Tomatoes 13.4 Cotton 9.8 Sweet potatoes 7.5 Potatoes 0.4 Carrots 15.1 SUGARBEET CYST(SBCN)& (RKN) Broccoli 15.7 Cauliflower 7.9 Sugar beets 6.1 Brussel sprouts 0.7 ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE ON TOMATO WORLDWIDE 5 -12% ANNUAL LOSSES DUE TO PLANT PARASITIC NEMATODES (SASSER AND FRECKMAN, 1987) ANNUAL CROPS: MILLIONS OF DOLLARS LOST IN CA IN 1992 FOLLOWING SUSPENSION OF USE OF TELONE II IN 1990 (SRI) RESISTANT SUSCEPTIBLE

NEMATODES ARE AQUATIC ORGANISMS.

TYPICAL PLANT PARASITIC NEMATODE SPEAR ESOPHAGUS MEDIAN BULB NERVE RING EXCRETORY PORE ANUS S B MALE TAIL VULVA OVARY INTESTINE S=SPICULES B=BURSA BASAL GLANDS

SPEAR OR STYLET

SPICULES

LIFE CYCLE OF A TYPICAL PLANT PARASITIC NEMATODE: EGG ADULT J1J2 J3 J4 J = JUVENILE OR LARVA M M M M TIME SIZE B. A. JAFFEE M = MOLT

THE MOST COMMON GENERA OF PLANT PARASITIC NEMATODES IN CALIFORNIA: ECTOPARASITESMIGRATORY ENDOPARASITES Trichodorus - Stubby Root*Pratylenchus - Lesion Xiphinema - Dagger*Ditylenchus - Stem & Longidorus - Needle* Bulb Helicotylenchus - SpiralAphelenchoides - Foliar Mesocriconema - Ring Paratylenchus - PinSEDENTARY Hemicycliophora - SheathENDOPARASITES Meloidogyne - Root Knot Anguina - Seed & Leaf Gall SOME GENERA CONTAIN Tylenchulus - Citrus SEVERAL IMPORTANT Heterodera - Cyst SPECIES *Vectors of plant viruses

ECTOPARASITE MIGRATORY ENDOPARASITE SEDENTARY ENDOPARASITE

SUGARBEETS HEALTHY INFESTED SUGARBEET CYST NEMATODE (HETERODERA SCHACHTII ) COLE CROPS NEMATODES OF GREATEST CONCERN WORLDWIDE: CYST (HETERODERA SP, GLOBODERA SP), ROOT-KNOT (MELOIDOGYNE SP), LESION (PRATYLENCHUS SP) [FAO, LAMBERTI, 1997]

ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE (MELOIDOGYNE SP.) SWEET POTATO SUGARBEET COTTON CARROT POTATO HEALTHY INFESTED WATERMELON

LESION NEMATODE (PRATYLENCHUS PENETRANS) EASTER LILIES

LIFE CYCLE OF CYST AND ROOT KNOT NEMATODES: EGG CONTAINING UNHATCHED J2 INVASIVE JUVENILE (J2) J3 J4 ADULT MALE BROWN CYST ENCLOSING EGGS ROOT KNOT FEMALE WITH EGG MASS J3 J4 IMMATURE FEMALE

SSU Tree Blaxter et al. 1998, Nature Fig. from Dorris et al., 1999

PHYLUM: NEMATA (OR NEMATODA) CLASS: ADENOPHOREA (no phasmids) ORDER: DORYLAIMIDA ORDER: STICHOSOMIDA CLASS: SECERNENTEA (phasmids = caudal sensory organ) ORDER: RHABDITIDA ORDER: STRONGYLIDA ORDER: ASCARIDIDA ORDER: SPIRURIDA ORDER: TYLENCHIDA

SHAPE OF ADULT FEMALES – VERMIFORM OR SPHERICAL ROOT SYMPTOMS – CYSTS OR GALLS STYLET SHAPE AND LENGTH - WITH OR WITHOUT KNOBS ESOPHAGUS TWO VS THREE PART CUTICULAR ANNULATION NUMBER OF OVARIES LOCATION OF VULVA PRACTICAL CHARACTERISTICS USED TO IDENTIFY NEMATODES

VERMIFORM SPHERICAL SHAPE OF ADULT FEMALES SPHERICAL

ROOT SYMPTOMS - CYSTS OR GALLS HEALTHY INFESTED RESISTANT SUSCEPTIBLE CYST GALLS

TYLENCHOID ESOPHAGUS STYLET SHAPE AND LENGTH (WITH OR WITHOUT KNOBS) TWO VS THREE PART ESOPHAGUS

STOMATOSTYLET

ODONTOSTYLET

THREE PART ESOPHAGUS

CUTICULAR ANNULATION PRESENCE OR ABSENCE RING NEMATODE SHEATH NEMATODE

TYPICAL PLANT PARASITIC NEMATODE SPEAR ESOPHAGUS MEDIAN BULB NERVE RING EXCRETORY PORE ANUS S B MALE TAIL VULVA OVARY INTESTINE S=SPICULES B=BURSA BASAL GLANDS NUMBER OF OVARIES LOCATION OF VULVA