Smart Energy Profile Distributed Energy Resources Tom Herbst

Smart Energy Profile Utility Protocol/Home Device Home Area Network (HAN) Has traditionally been developed in ZigBee Alliance NAN SEP

Smart Energy Profile Residential/Small Business US, Canada, UK, Australia Other Solutions – Germany – Wireless Mbus – Proprietary – Zwave – OpenADR C&I Focused – Electrical Substations

Smart Energy Profile Real time Power consumption info to home resident Demand Response Load Shed requests – Thermostats (A/C or Electric Heat) – Electric Water Heaters – Pool Pumps Price information – Electricity per kilowatt hour (TOU, Dynamic) Display with any or all of this

Smart Energy Profile 1.0/1.1 – (2.4ghz) ZigBee Specific – ZigBee Pro, ZigBee Cluster Libraries 2.0 – mac/phy agnostic – IPv6, TLS, HTTP, XML, m-DNS, RESTful Potentially DTLS, CoAP, investigating EXI encoding Data elements defined in IEC TC57 - CIM – HomePlug & WIFI Alliances CSEP

Distributed Energy Resources Solar Storage - Battery CoGen – Fuel Cell – Internal Combustion

Utility Solar Generation

Large Scale Solar Requires distribution system study – May require system upgrades Requires dedicated realtime monitoring and control SCADA system – part of Distribution Automation – to a control console – – DNP3

Residential Solar – SEP2.0

Utility Issues with DER No visibility to generation (Kw or Volts) by DER systems Intermittent generation can introduce power grid instability – especially solar and wind Impact of changing Inverter parameters unknown

No Visibility to Generation Need to provide “spinning reserve” when generation goes off line Over voltage issues in high penetration neighborhoods – Inverters falling off – 1547 over voltage

Metering How much is being produced, when? Revenue Grade – Power Purchase Agreements – Renewables Credits Non-revenue grade – Useful for utility operations staff Same structure as utility meter information – Common Display device

DER Status Generator/Inverter - server ESI (utility meter) is a client Detailed information about the configuration and state of the DER system – DC power – Temperatures Much of the same info as in SunSpec – Could be used for monitoring

Utility Issues – Intermittent Generation VAR Support – may reduce voltage flux Watt Curtailment may reduce impact of instability Low Voltage ride through may prevent domino effect EPRI – Common Functions for Smart Inverters

DER Control ESI - server/Inverter - Client Perform Disconnect/Reconnect Perform Watt Curtailment Set low voltage ride through Define volt/var curves Instantiate volt/var curves Some functions are randomized to avoid synchronized effects

Price Tiered/Block, TOU Feed-in Tariff Could be used to dispatch CoGen or storage discharge

Why communications? We don’t yet which combinations of parameters or settings will resolve the issues Needs to be custom and changeable

FERC/ISO/PUC Utilities have an obligation to run a well managed grid – Must maintain delta between generation and load Cal ISO $250M in fines for 2002/$11M PG&E Discussions of requiring storage Utilities are not required to accept interconnect