Hydrosphere Partitioning… Total = 1.36 x 10 9 km 3 water.

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Presentation transcript:

Hydrosphere Partitioning… Total = 1.36 x 10 9 km 3 water

Earth’s water balance (Fluxes per year) Ocean Volume = 1.4x 10 9 km 3 Oceanic Evaporation Rate = 3.2x10 5 km 3 /yr Groundwater Volume = 8.4x10 6 km 3 (o.6%) River+Lake Volume = 2x10 5 km 3 (o.014%) Atmosphere Volume = 1.3x10 4 km 3 Runoff Rate = 3.6x10 4 km 3 /yr

89% of rain falls over oceans Land receives ~11% of ocean’s evaporation (36,000 km 3 ) Twice as much water evaporates (&transpires) from land as runs off it e.g. rain on land falls three times on average before it gets back to sea

Residence times in ground, rivers, & atmosphere Residence time defined as the (Volume of ‘Reservoir’)/(Rate of flow through Reservoir) For groundwater = 8.2x10 6 km 3 / 3.74x10 4 km 3 /yr = 224 years For rivers & lakes = 2x10 5 km 3 / 3.74x10 4 km 3 /yr = 5.3 years For atmosphere = 1.3x10 4 km 3 / 3.8x10 5 km 3 /yr = 12 days

Biggest Rivers (11,205km 3 /yr; 31% of runoff) RiverDrainage Area (km 2 ) Discharge (km 3 /yr) Amazon5.78x (half) Congo4.01x Yangtze1.94x Brahmaputra9.35x Ganges1.06x Yenisei2.59x Mississippi3.22x Orinoco8.80x Lena2.42x Parana2.30x

N.American Drainage Basins

Global Rain

Why do raindrops not grow to be huge?

Why do raindrops not grow to be huge? They self-destruct once they grow too big!

Atmosphere temperature & condensation Adiabatic effects on rising and sinking air: Air cools when it rises & is decompressed. Air warms up when it descends & is compressed. (reason why a bike pump gets hot when pumped)

Atmosphere temperature & condensation

Stable Air

A mechanism to lift air/trigger condensation

Another way to lift air…(warm front) Moderate Precipitation ~200 km 1/200

Different Variation (cold front)… ~100 km 1/100

Lifting-precipitation reason for climate belts

Global climate

Coriolis Force key influence on weather fronts & storms (Cyclonic effects)

Cyclonic Effects (Coriolis Revisited)

Mid-latitude cyclone

Life cycle of a thunderstorm Condensation (rain) releases heat, fuels ascent Unstable warm air rises Downdrafts cut off fuel (warm air) & storm dies

A hurricane can circumvent this limit…

Hurricane wind & rain structure

Regions where hurricanes form… Warm water = hurricance fuel.

Hurricane paths near US

Two Cyclones: What difference & why?

New Orleans Experience Hurricane surge (wind-driven waves was up to 28ft above sealevel — new record for US) Why were Mississippi & Alabama also severely affected, but not Texas? Path of Katrina’s eye N.O.

New Orleans— Flooding from Hurricane Surge & Rain Path of Katrina’s eye

New Orleans Experience — Flooding (Marshak Fig )

Estimating Threat from Flooding (Recurrence Interval)