1. R. Brown, 1840’s, showed the existence of the nucleus or “brain of the cell” 2. W. Fleming and E. Strasburger 1860’s, dark staining threads appeared to “dance” in nucleus before new cells formed, outlined the steps of mitosis 3. A. Weismann in 1887 proposed meiosis for sex cells A. History I. Introduction Cell Reproduction

1. Binary Fission or by 2. Endospore Formation Figure Figure 27.5 A. Prokaryotes II. Strategies

1. Asexual by mitosis a. Animals AdvantageDisadvantage i. Fission B. Eukaryotes ii. Budding Figure 13.2 Figure 46.2

iii. Fragmenting b. Plants do runners, budding, or spore formation c. Fungi do budding or spore formation d. Protists are just weird

2. Sexual by meiosis Advantage Disadvantage a. Plants = Alternation of Generation Figure 29.3

b. Fungi same strategy as plants c. Protists again weird d. Animals i. Parthenogenesis ii. Simultaneous Hermaphrodite Figure 46.5

iii. Sequential Hermaphroditeiv. Monoecious vs. Dioecious

v. Polygynyvs. Polyandry

Figure Interphase a. Gap 1 (G 1 )b. Sc. Gap 2 (G 2 ) A. DefinitionB. Stages 2. Division a. Mitosis or Meiosisb. Cytokinesis III. Cell Cycle

What could be a signal? 1. External a. Hormones Figure C. Controls

b. Contact Inhibition Figure 12.19

2. Internal Figure a. Biological Clock b. Cyclin & Kinases Figure 12.16

1. Classification a. Benign Figure b. Malignantc. Metastatic D. Cancer

2. Types a. omas Oral Squamous cell Melanoma Glioma

1. Prophase a. Condense Chromosomes Figure 12.4 & 5 A. Definition B. Phases Figure 12.7 c. Build Spindle Fibers b. Dismantle Nuclear Membrane IV. Mitosis

2. Metaphase a. Line Up Sisters Figure Anaphase Figure 12.9 a. Separate Sisters

4. Telophase a. Reverse Prophase

1. Animals a. Cleavage Furrowa. Cell Plate Figure Plants A. Definition B. Strategies V. Cytokinesis

Figure 12.7 Figure 12.11

1. Karyotype Figure 13.3 A. Definition B. Terms 2. Homologous Chromosomes Figure 13.4 a. Diploid b. Haploid VI. Meiosis

1. Meiosis I C. Phases 2. Meiosis II Figure 13.8

Figure VII. Comparison

Figure A. Independent Assortment B. Crossing Over Figure C. Random Fertilization VIII. Variation from Meiosis

1. Whole chromosome Figure a. Anaphase I A. Non-disjunction Figure b. Anaphase II IX. Problems from Meiosis

1. Occur when? 2. Good or Bad? Figure B. Chromosomal Disruptions