Data Quality & Improvement Section Observations and Engineering Branch Bureau of Meteorology Australia Bruce Forgan

Components of DQ&I  Standards Group == Regional Instrument Centre – metrology Region V Radiation Centre Region V Ozone Centre  GAW and Data Delivery Group oSolar and Terrestrial Radiation Network oOzone Networks oRADAR and Wind Profilers oAMDAR + surface based aviation (ceilometers) oSea level tsunami oLightning oSatellite Applications (Solar, NDVI, Wind etc)  Cape Grim Baseline Air Pollution Station (GAW)

Bureau Weather Observation Networks RADAR Coverage 59

Bureau Weather Observation Networks Staffed field offices 57 with upper air flights Rainfall (real-time) 2810 Rainfall (climate) 4706

Total Column Ozone  Dobson spectrophotometers omanual o3-4 periods/day oUmkehr (dawn)  UV spectrometers oautomatic ofixed solar angle  WAN-based odata entry odata distribution

Cape Grim Baseline Air Pollution Station Global Atmosphere Watch Measurement Programs Meteorology Precursors to New Particles Phytoplankton (University of Tasmania) Non-CO 2 Greenhouse Gases (10+) Carbon Dioxide and Isotopes Radon Reactive Gases (Ozone and NO x ) Particles Multiphase Aerosol Chemistry Solar and Terrestrial Radiation UV Radiation (& OH) Archive tanks Higher degree scholarships (2 per annum)

Standards Group & ARIC Maintenance of physical standards Maintenance and development of standard practices through: Uncertainty analysis Specifications Instrument verification (& calibration) NATA accreditation (ISO 17025) Traceable hierarchies OEB facility at Broadmeadows Instrument test reports Technical notes External publications Issues verified instruments to network pressure temperature rainfall humidity ozone solar/UV & terrestrial radiation Instrument and observing protocols Education on measurement uncertainty Instrument and process development In-situ training (+ students)

ARIC Facilities

Main Groups Dependent on DQ&I Section Outputs  Bureau of Meteorology oTraceability of all observations (Regional Instrument Centre) where applicable oNational Climate Centre – specialist climate observations oSatellite applications  NATA & Australian & NZ Solar Community oCommercial calibrations oAuditors on meteorological metrology  Standards Australia oMetrology standards for environmental monitoring Australian standard on solar and terrestrial radiation  World Meteorological Organization oRegion V (SW Pacific) Australian Regional Instrument Centre ++ oGlobal Climate Observing System oCommission for Instruments and Methods of Observation oGlobal Atmosphere Watch (GAW)  IPCC/Kyoto Protocol

Solar and Terrestrial Radiation  Solar ( nm) oDirect (total and spectral) (412, 500, 610, 778, 868) oDiffuse o(Global) oUVB (Alice Sp, Cape Grim)  Terrestrial (>4000 nm)  Minute statistics  WAN-based odata distribution (30 min, daily updates) oQuality System

Some S&T Network Sites

Network Solar Exposure Frequency Distributions

Solar & Terrestrial Network  Solar ( nm) oDirect (total) spectral 412, 500, 610, 778, 868) (either K&Z CH1 or Middleton DN5/sapphire), body temp. oDirect Spectral SPO2 (368, 412, 500 (x2), 610, 778, 812, 868, 10 nm FWHM) oDiffuse (CM11/CMP21, body temp) o(Global CM11/CMP21, body temp) UVB (NZ spectrometer, Alice Springs, Darwin) ASR (Adelaide), UV ASR (Melbourne) PFR Alice Springs (GAWPFR) PI Radiometer (UV, nm, 0.3 nm pixel) – 5 ready for deployment  Terrestrial / Longwave (>4000 nm) – shaded Eppley PIR  Data acquistion – Datataker 500 -> CS 3000 o1 Hz sampling (-> storing 1Hz) oMinute signal statistics (mean, max, min, std. devn.) oSunshine seconds (120 Wm -2, 95 Wm --2, 145 Wm --2 ) oftp ‘quick look’ to RIC and intranet every 30 minutes odaily ftp for processing post midnight ocleaning monitor, local statistics for observer

Typical S&T Instrument Set

Solar & Terrestrial Calibration Frequency  Regional Radiation Centre oTwo Calibration Kits Agilent data system (yearly) CH1 pyrheliometer (6 monthly) FT001/DN5/Huskeflux/CHP1 pyrheliometer (6 monthly) Eppley PIR (12 monthly)  Station visits (2-5 days) oBSRN (4) – 6 monthly oStandard (6) – 2 years

Field Calibrations – 6 month or 2 years (locations where clear sun can be expected) Pyrheliometer solar sequence ~4 hours clear sun oInstruments connected in parallel to local data system and cal kit data systems oDirect compared to 2 cal kit pyrheliometers of different type (for >90 minutes, 1 Hz sampling, uninterripted sun) oGlobal and diffuse pyranometers swapped Continuous verification/calibration of pyranometers in situ Sunny sites Total diffuse ratio (in conditions of 30 min) Component sum (used for daily verification) Alternate (pyranometer swap) method “Pseudo” method using total diffuse ratio “Haliwell” Scattered cloud method ~ 1 remote year remote sun-disk calibration on clear sky day Cloudy (2) site calibrations “Haliwell” Scattered cloud method to verify pyranometer Instrument rotation of pyrheliometer and pyranometers

Field Calibrations – Infrared & Data System (All Stations) Pyrgeometer oNight comparison only ocloud base > 3 km – variable cloud base is best o>90 minutes comparison post sunset with cal kit pyrgeometer Data system  Verified by parallel voltage and resistance measurements Pyrheliometer and PIR calibration runs are processed just post collection back at HO (Melbourne) ideally same day to determine if the calibration is successful, or needs to be repeated

Using U95

Bureau Developed Radiometers UV ASR Melbourne Airport PI Radiometer Test Facility