Latin II Review

Relative Pronouns Introduce subordinate clauses Introduce subordinate clauses Agree with antecedent What ways? Agree with antecedent What ways? Describes the antecedent Describes the antecedent

Examples multī audītōrēs saturās ācrēs timēbant quās poēta recitābat. multī audītōrēs saturās ācrēs timēbant quās poēta recitābat. puer mātrem timēbat, quae eum saepe neglegēbat. puer mātrem timēbat, quae eum saepe neglegēbat. incipimus vēritātem intellegere, quae mentēs nostrās semper regere dēbet et sine quā valēre nōn possumus. incipimus vēritātem intellegere, quae mentēs nostrās semper regere dēbet et sine quā valēre nōn possumus. levis est fortūna: id cito repōscit quod dedit. levis est fortūna: id cito repōscit quod dedit.

Passive Voice Use the other slides Use the other slides Oh yeah, thanks. Oh yeah, thanks.

Interrogative Pronouns and Adjectives Pronouns stand in place of some noun or pronoun (like substantive adjectives eg. “The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly”) Pronouns stand in place of some noun or pronoun (like substantive adjectives eg. “The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly”) Adjectives modify some noun or pronoun Adjectives modify some noun or pronoun

Interrogative Pronoun Same as relative: Same as relative: –Plural forms –Masc. Sing. Forms Different from relative: Different from relative: –No antecedent –Asks a qestion –Masc. and Fem. Sing. Forms (p.124) –Nom. Sing.

Interrogative Adjectives Same as relative: Same as relative: –All Forms –Agrees with a noun or pronoun Different from relative: Different from relative: –Asks for more specific information about the person or thing it agrees with –Placement*

Examples quōs librōs bonōs poēta caecus herī recitāvit? quōs librōs bonōs poēta caecus herī recitāvit? fēminae librōs difficilēs crās legent quōs mīsistī. fēminae librōs difficilēs crās legent quōs mīsistī. quis lībertātem eōrum eō tempore dēlēre coepit? quis lībertātem eōrum eō tempore dēlēre coepit? quid nōs facere contrā istōs et scelera eōrum dēbēmus? quid nōs facere contrā istōs et scelera eōrum dēbēmus?

Participles Verbal adjectives Verbal adjectives Four types of participles in Latin Four types of participles in Latin –Present Active doing –Future Active about to do –Perfect Passive done, having been done –Future Passive about to be done

Participles – Present Stem Present Active Present Active –Recognized by its characteristic “ns” or “nt” with 3 rd declension * “ī” in the abl. sing.  laudans, laudantis Future Passive (Gerundive) Future Passive (Gerundive) –Recognized by its characteristic “nd” with 1 st and 2 nd declension endings  laudandus, -a, -um

Participles – Partic. Stem Participle Stem = Perfect Passive Participle = 4 th principal part of verb Participle Stem = Perfect Passive Participle = 4 th principal part of verb –Declined with 1 st and 2 nd declension endings  laudatus, -a, -um Future Active Future Active –Recognized by its characteristic “ūr” with 1 st and 2 nd declension endings  laudatūrus, -a, -um

Examples aliquid numquam ante audītum cernō. aliquid numquam ante audītum cernō. illum ōrātōrem in mediō senātū iterum petentem fīnem bellōrum ac scelerum nōn adiūvistis. illum ōrātōrem in mediō senātū iterum petentem fīnem bellōrum ac scelerum nōn adiūvistis. illam gentem Latīnam oppressūrī et dīvitiās raptūrī, omnēs virōs magnae probitātis premere ac dēlēre prōtinus coepērunt. illam gentem Latīnam oppressūrī et dīvitiās raptūrī, omnēs virōs magnae probitātis premere ac dēlēre prōtinus coepērunt. sī mihi eum ēducandum committēs, studia eius fōrmāre ab īnfantiā incipiam. sī mihi eum ēducandum committēs, studia eius fōrmāre ab īnfantiā incipiam.

Ablative Absolute Participial phrase that describes some general circumstances surrounding the action. Participial phrase that describes some general circumstances surrounding the action. Identified by “a bunch o’ ablatives” in close proximity. Identified by “a bunch o’ ablatives” in close proximity. Translated with “once …, since…, with… doing/having been done/about to do” Translated with “once …, since…, with… doing/having been done/about to do”

Examples ōrātor, signō ā sacerdōte datō, eō diē revēnit et nunc tōtus populus Latīnus gaudet. ōrātor, signō ā sacerdōte datō, eō diē revēnit et nunc tōtus populus Latīnus gaudet. Asiā victā, dux Rōmānus fēlīx multōs servōs in Italiam mīsit. Asiā victā, dux Rōmānus fēlīx multōs servōs in Italiam mīsit. omnibus ferrō mīlitis perterritīs, quisque sē servāre cupiēbat. omnibus ferrō mīlitis perterritīs, quisque sē servāre cupiēbat.

Passive Periphrastic Simply the gerundive + sum Simply the gerundive + sum A simplified way to express necessity, obligation, or appropriate actions. A simplified way to express necessity, obligation, or appropriate actions. The Wheelock vocabulary must be studied by you every day. The Wheelock vocabulary must be studied by you every day.

Examples populō metū oppressō, iste imperātor nōbīs ex urbe pellendus est. populō metū oppressō, iste imperātor nōbīs ex urbe pellendus est. cernisne omnia quae tibi scienda sunt? cernisne omnia quae tibi scienda sunt? quidquid dīcendum est, līberē dīcam. quidquid dīcendum est, līberē dīcam.

Indirect Statement Identified by its “accusative + infinitive” construction following a verb of sensing/stating. Identified by its “accusative + infinitive” construction following a verb of sensing/stating. The class said, “Todd is freakin’ cool.” The class said, “Todd is freakin’ cool.” The class said that Todd is freakin’ cool. The class said that Todd is freakin’ cool.

Indirect Statement The indirect statement can be thought of as an extended direct object. The indirect statement can be thought of as an extended direct object. The class said X. The class said X. What function in the sentence does X serve? What function in the sentence does X serve? So if X = that “Todd is freakin’ cool.” So if X = that “Todd is freakin’ cool.” The class said that Todd is freakin’ cool. The class said that Todd is freakin’ cool.

Examples id factum esse tum nōn negāvit. id factum esse tum nōn negāvit. hīs rēbus prōnūntātīs, igitur, eum esse hostem scīvistī. hīs rēbus prōnūntātīs, igitur, eum esse hostem scīvistī. crēdimus fidem antīquam omnibus gentibus iterum alendam esse. crēdimus fidem antīquam omnibus gentibus iterum alendam esse.