Rosids Chapter 8 Simpson, 2 nd Edition Geranium

Rosids Diversity of the Rosids 16 orders 137 families Fabids - 77 families Malvids – 60 families 1/3 of eudicot families General traits: perianth – unfused parts stamen # > K or C ovules bitegmic, crassinucellate (well-developed nucellus) Asterids have unitegmic, tenuinucellate ovules (poorly developed nucellus)

Rosids: Fabids A. Order Malpighiales Euphorbiaceae - Spurge family 245/6300 cosmopolitan 1) latex sap 2) usually monoecious 3) many xerophytic & cactoid 4) no perianth 5) cyathium in Euphorbia - a reduced cymose inflorescence bearing a pistillate flower and several staminate ones with in involucre, the whole mimicing a single perfect flower (Greek-> wine cup) 6) schizocarp/capsule 7) many poisonous species K5(0) C5(0) A1-∞ G(3) (2-∞) superior

Rosids: Fabids A. Order Malpighiales Euphorbiaceae - Spurge family Euphorbia spp. Ricinia - castor bean Euphorbia pulcherrima- poinsettia Euphorbia marginata – snow on the mountain

Rosids: Fabids A. Order Malpighiales Euphorbiaceae - Spurge family Euphorbia mammilaris (Indian Corn Cob) Euphorbia officinarum Euphorbia horrida convergent evolution

Economic Importance 1) tung oil (Aleurites fordii) 2) natural rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) 3) cassava/manioc (Manihot esculentus) 4) castor bean oil & the poison ricin (Ricinus communis) 5) ornamentals A. Order Malpighiales Euphorbiaceae - Spurge family Rosids: Fabids

B. Order Fabales Family Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) - legume family 730/19,500 3rd largest family diverse and widely distributed Uniting traits of the legumes …. 1) single carpel 2) compound, stipulate leaves 3) fruit a legume - dry, dehiscent along both sutures 4) many are nitrogen fixers - possessing nodules with nitrogen-fixing bacteria (a feature otherwise restricted to a few small families)

B. Order Fabales Lumper view: Fabaceae sensu lato (Leguminosae) Subfamily Mimosoideae 2,500 spp. Subfamily Caesalpinioideae 2,700 spp. Subfamily Papilionoideae 14,300 spp Splitter view: Mimosaceae Caesalpiniaceae Fabaceae sensu stricto Rosids: Fabids

Family Fabaceae characterMimosoideaeCaesalpinioideaePaplionoideae symmetryactinomorphic+/- zygomorphiczygomorphic petalsvalvatebanner inside wingsbanner outside wings stamen #(4) 10-many10 (many)10, often 9+1 leavesbipinnatepinnate (simple)pinnate, palmate, (simple) examples Acacia - acacia Mimosa - mimosa, sensitive plant Desmanthus - prairie mimosa Prospopis - mesquite Cercis - redbud Cassia - senna Gymnocladus dioica - Kentucky coffee tree Caesalpinia - poinciana Gleditsia - honey locust Lupinus - lupine, bluebonnet (State Flower of Texas) Amorpha - lead plant Dalea - prairie clover Trifolium - clover K(5) C5or(5) A10-∞ G1 K5 C5 A5-10 G1 K(5) C(5) A(9)+1 G1

Family Fabaceae characterMimosoideaeCaesalpinioideaePaplionoideae symmetryactinomorphic+/- zygomorphiczygomorphic petalsvalvatebanner inside wingsbanner outside wings stamen #(4) 10-many10 (many)10, often 9+1 leavesbipinnatepinnate (simple)pinnate, palmate, (simple) examples Acacia - acacia Mimosa - mimosa, sensitive plant Desmanthus - prairie mimosa Prospopis - mesquite Cercis - redbud Cassia - senna Gymnocladus dioica - Kentucky coffee tree Caesalpinia - poinciana Gleditsia - honey locust Lupinus - lupine, bluebonnet (State Flower of Texas) Amorpha - lead plant Dalea - prairie clover Trifolium - clover K(5) C5or(5) A10-∞ G1 K5 C5 A5-10 G1 K(5) C(5) A(9)+1 G1

Rosids: Rosales C. Order Rosales Rosaceae - rose family 100/3,000 cosmopolitan, especially in N. America K5 C5 A10-  4-6 subfamilies 3 commonly occur in the US ROSOIDEAE G1 -  PRUNOIDEAE G1 MALOIDEAE G(5) epigynous

Rosaceae RosoideaePrunoideaeMaloideae leaves compound; stipules simple; deciduous stipules hypanthium conical receptacle; hypanthial cup hyanthial cup adnate hypanthium ovary position perigynous epigynous carpel # many; apocarpousmonocarpellatepentacarpellate fruit achene, druplet, aggregate drupepome genera Rosa Potentilla Rubus Frageria Prunus Malus Sorbus Crataegus

Rosaceae - Rosoideae G  Rubus flower Rubus mature aggregate fruit Rubus young aggregate fruit

Rosaceae - Prunoideae G1 Prunus flower - note hypanthial cup Prunus fruit (drupe)

Rosaceae - Maloideae G(5) Malus pome l.s. Malus flower Malus hypanthium Malus pome c.s. Malus pome

Rosids: Rosales C. Order Rosales Ulmaceae - elm family 18/150 temperate to tropical, especially in N hemisphere 1)trees and shrubs 2)oblique leaf base Ulmus - elm Celtis - hackberry

Rosids: Rosales C. Order Rosales Moraceae - mulberry family 38/1100 widely distributed; Old and New World; tropical/subtropical 1) trees, shrubs 2) monoecious or dioecious 3) milky latex 4) stipulate leaves 5) fruit often a multiple fruit

Rosids: Rosales C. Order Rosales Urticaceae - nettle family 55/2600 cosmopolitan 1) herbs, shrubs, trees 2) stinging hairs 3) plants monoecious or dioecious 4) pollen an allergen Urtica

hemp pollen Rosids: Rosales C. Order Rosales Cannabaceae - hemp family 2/2 North temperate zone 1) herbs 2) hemp contains delta-9- tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), psychoactive ingredient found in hashish and marijuana 3) palmately compound leaves 4) fibrous – source of hempen fiber 5) hemp common allergen 6) hops - brewing Cannabis - hemp, marijuana Humulus - hops (used for brewing) Whilst malt and yeast contribute substantially to the character of beers, the quality of beer is at least as much a function of the water and, especially, of the hops used in its production.

Rosids: Rosales D. Order Cucurbitales Cucurbitaceae – cucumber family 122/900 tropical to subtropical K5 C(5) A5 G0 1. herbs, climbing with tendrils 2. monoecious 3. fruit a pepo K(5) C(5) A0 G(3)

Rosids: Rosales E. Order Fagales Fagaceae – beech family 7/970 temperate & tropical region of N. hemisphere 1.monoecious shrubs/trees 2.staminate flowers in an erect or pendulous spike or head (ament) 3.pistillate flowers in an involucre (think acorn cup here) 4.Genera: Quercus - oak Castanea - chestnut Fagus - beech

Rosids: Rosales E. Order Fagales Fagaceae - beech family Quercus - oak Economic Importance: lumber cork tannins Food (acorns) historically great species diversity hybridization common

Rosids: Rosales E. Order Fagales Fagaceae - beech family Fagus - beech important components to woodlands of NA and Eurasia

Rosids: Rosales E. Order Fagales Fagaceae - beech family Castanea - chestnut

Rosids: Rosales E. Order Fagales Fagaceae - beech family Castanea - chestnut Chestnut blight, or chestnut bark disease, is caused by an introduced fungus. The fungus enters wounds, grows in and under the bark and eventually kills the cambium all the way around the twig, branch, or trunk. Sprouts develop from a burl-like tissue at the base of the tree called the ‘root collar,’ which contains dormant embryos. Sprouts grow, become wounded and infected, and die, and the process starts all over again. Cankers were first reported in the United States in 1904 on American chestnut trees in New York City. None of the control attempts (chemical treatments, clearing and burning chestnut trees around infection sites) were successful. By 1926 the fungus was reported throughout the native range of American chestnut and a major forest tree had been reduced to a multiple-stemmed shrub. In 1912 the Plant Quarantine Act was passed to reduce the chances of such a catastrophe happening again.

Rosids: Rosales E. Order Fagales Betulaceae – birch family 6/170 widespread in N. hemisphere 1. shrubs/trees 2. biserrate leaf margin 3. staminate and pistillate flowers in catkins Alnus - alder Corylus fruit - filbert

Rosids: Rosales E. Order Fagales Betulaceae – birch family Betula - birch

Rosids: Rosales E. Order Fagales Betulaceae – birch family Birch – Finland’s national tree

Rosids: Rosales Ostrya - hophornbeam; ironwood E. Order Fagales Betulaceae – birch family

Rosids: Malvids A. Order Geraniales Geraniaceae - Geranium family 7/800 temperate regions, especially Old World 1) glandular trichomes 2) fruit = elastic shizocarp 3) mericarps split from base of ovary and curl upwards (mericarp = pieces of schizocarp) Geranium Pelargonium - geranium K(5) C(5) A(5-15) G(5) mericarpZ

Rosids: Malvids B. Order Myrtales Onagraceae - Evening Primrose family 22/650 especially W. North America 1) tetramerous floral parts 2) epigyny 3) tubular hypanthium 4) internal phloem - 1° phloem that lies between the 1° xylem & pith 5) moth pollination common (white or yellow corolla) 6) comose seeds K4 C4 A4+4 G(4) inferior with hypanthium

Rosids: Malvids B. Order Myrtales Onagraceae - Evening Primrose family Epilobium - fireweed

Rosids: Malvids B. Order Myrtales Onagraceae - Evening Primrose family Gaura - butterfly weed

Rosids: Malvids B. Order Myrtales Onagraceae - Evening Primrose family Oenothera - evening primrose

Rosids: Malvids C. Order Brassicales Brassicaceae (=Cruciferae) - Mustard Family 321/3700 cosmopolitan 1) tetradynamous stamens 4 long + 2 short K4 C 4 A4+2 G(2), superior

2) fruit bicarpellate gynoecium walls peel awayfrom a thin central papery partition (false septum with replum – persistent cross-wall) Rosids: Malvids C. Order Brassicales Brassicaceae (=Cruciferae) - Mustard Family 1) tetradynamous stamens 4 long + 2 short a) silicle 2X long as wide or less

Rosids: Malvids C. Order Brassicales Brassicaceae (=Cruciferae) - Mustard Family 1) tetradynamous stamens 4 long + 2 short b) silique long and slender 2) fruit bicarpellate gynoecium walls peel awayfrom a thin central papery partition (false septum with replum – persistent cross-wall)

Rosids: Malvids C. Order Brassicales Brassicaceae (=Cruciferae) - Mustard Family

Rosids: Malvids D. Order Malvales Malvaceae - Mallow Family 250/4200 worldwide, tropics K(5) C5 A(5-∞) G(2-∞) superior G (5-∞) 1) monadelphous androecium many stamens, separate anthers, filaments fused into a sheath 2) stellate pubescence 3) discoid stigma 4) fruit a capsule or shizocarp stellate hairs monadelphous stamens shizocarp H. esculentus - okra) Hibiscus marshmallow

Rosids: Malvids Gossypium - cotton D. Order Malvales Malvaceae - Mallow Family

Rosids: Malvids D. Order Malvales Malvaceae - Mallow Family Abutilon - velvet leaf Callirhoe - poppy mallow Malva neglecta- common mallow

Rosids: Malvids D. Order Malvales Malvaceae (Tiliaceae) – Linden (Basswood) few temperate species Tilia americana- basswood

Rosids: Malvids E. Order Sapindales Rutaceae - Citrus family 161/1900 tropical & temperate 1) glandular punctate leaves, secretory glands containing essential oils 2) woody 3) aromatic 4) staminal disk 5) hesperidium/winged achene Citrus - citrus Ptelea - hop tree

Rosids: Malvids E. Order Sapindales Rutaceae - Citrus family

Rosids: Malvids E. Order Sapindales Anacardiaceae - Cashew family 70/850 tropical Anacardium - cashew Rhus - sumac Toxicodendron - poison ivy, poison oak 1) shrubs/woody vines/trees 2) Rhus & Toxicodendron in temperate areas 3) resinous compounds in stems/leaves 4) skin irritant in Toxicodendron Mangifera - mango Pistacia - pistachio

Rosids: Malvids E. Order Sapindales Sapindaceae (Aceraceae) - Maple family 135/1580 tropical & temperate 1) trees or shrubs 2) opposite palmately lobed and veined leaves (pinnate in A. negundo) 3) fruits paired winged schizocarps = samara Acer - maple Acer negundo - box elder

Rosids: Malvids E. Order Sapindales Sapindaceae (Hippocastanaceae) - Buckeye family 1) trees 2) opposite palmately compound leaves 3) flowers in conspicuous inflorescences 4) fruit a leathery 1-2 seeded capsule Aesculus hippocastanum - horsechestnut