PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE FORM USE UNIT 3 TOP MARKS P. 34, 118 Burlington Books

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE. FORM. ( TO HAVE / HAS + PAST PARTICIPLE) SPEAK / SPOKE / SPOKEN AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE I / YOU HAVE LIVED HE/ SHE/ IT HAS LIVED WE /YOU/THEY HAVE LIVED I / YOU HAVE NOT (HAVEN´T ) LIVED HE / SHE / IT HAS NOT (HASN´T) LIVED WE / YOU / THEY HAVE NOT (HAVEN´T) LIVED HAVE I / YOU LIVED? HAS HE / SHE / IT LIVED? HAVE WE / YOU / THEY LIVED?

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE. USES. EXAMPLES TIME EXPRESSIONS AN ACTION THAT BEGAN IN THE PAST AND CONTINUES UNTIL THE PRESENT I HAVE LIVED IN LONDON FOR TWO YEARS. HOW LONG HAVE YOU BEEN HERE? EVER, NEVER, YET, JUST, ALREADY, RECENTLY, LATELY, HOW LONG …?, SINCE, FOR AN ACTION THAT TOOK PLACE AT AN UNDETERMINED TIME IN THE PAST AND HAS IMPORTANCE IN THE PRESENT WE HAVE RECENTLY MOVED HOUSE. I´VE ALREADY HAD DINNER

PARTICLES (WITH PRESENT PERFECT) EVER: HAVE YOU EVER HEARD ABOUT THE LATEST NEWS? (ALGUNA VEZ) NEVER: I HAVE NEVER BEEN HERE BEFORE. (NUNCA) YET: SUSAN HASN´T WRITTEN THE LETTER YET. (AÚN / TODAVÍA) JUST: THEY HAVE JUST COOKED. (ACABAR DE) ALREADY: THEY HAVE ALREADY FINISHED THE CAKE (YA) HOW LONG ... ?: HOW LONG HAVE YOU STAYED HERE? ¿CUÁNTO TIEMPO?/ ¿DURANTE CUÁNTO TIEMPO? SINCE: THEY HAVE LIVED HERE SINCE 1990. (DESDE) FOR: THEY HAVE LIVED HERE FOR 20 YEARS. (DURANTE) RECENTLY / LATELY: SHE HAS LIVED IN THIS CITY RECENTLY (RECIENTEMENTE / ÚLTIMAMENTE)

CONTRAST: SIMPLE PAST / PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE. SIMPLE PAST: THIS TENSE INDICATES WHAT HAPPENED IN A PRECISE MOMENT IN THE PAST. PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE: THIS TENSE INDICATES AN ACTION LOCATED IN A PERIOD OF TIME IN THE PAST. EXAMPLES: I PUT AN ADVERT IN THE NEWSPAPER LAST MONDAY, BUT NOBODY HAS PHONED YET.

EXPRESSIONS: USED TO / WOULD + INFINITIVE BE USED TO + GERUND GET USED TO + GERUND ( P. 33 – 119 TOP MARKS)

USED TO / WOULD + INFINITIVE (SOLÍA) BOTH ARE USED TO TALK ABOUT REPEATED ACTIONS IN THE PAST EXAMPLES: WHEN I WAS A CHILD, WE USED TO GO TO THE COUNTRY EVERY WEEKEND WHEN I WAS A CHILD, WE WOULD GO TO THE COUNTRY EVERY WEEKEND. BUT: USED TO IS ALSO USED TO TALK ABOUT STATES AND PAST SITUATIONS, IN THIS CASE WOULD CAN´T BE USED EXAMPLE: BRAD PITT AND JENNIFER AINSTON USED TO BE MARRIED ( ESTUVIERON CASADOS) IN THIS CASE WE DON´T TRANSLATE IN A LITERARY WAY, WE USE THE MAIN VERB IN PAST

USED TO / WOULD + INFINITIVE. WE CAN USE BOTH TO FORM AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES, BUT FOR NEGATIVES AND QUESTIONS ONLY USED TO CAN BE USED. EXAMPLES: WHEN I WAS A CHILD, I USED TO GO TO THE COUNTRY. WHEN I WAS A CHILD, I WOULD GO TO THE COUNTRY. WHEN I WAS A CHILD, I DIDN´T USE TO GO TO THE COUNTRY. DID YOU USE TO GO TO THE COUNTRY WHEN YOU WERE A CHILD?

BE USED TO / GET USED TO + NOUN - GERUND EXPRESSION TRANSLATION EXAMPLE BE USED TO + NOUN/ GERUND (el verbo “be” se conjuga) ESTAR ACOSTUMBRADO A SHE IS USED TO GOING TO THE GYM EVERY AFTERNOON (ESTÁ ACOSTUMBRADA A IR AL GIMNASIO TODAS LAS TARDES) GET USED TO + NOUN / GERUND (el verbo “get” se conjuga) ESTAR ACOTUMBRANDOSE (IT REFERS TO THE PROCESS) HE IS GETTING USED TO HIS NEW ROUTINE. (SE ESTÁ ACOSTUMBRANDO A SU NUEVA RUTINA) I CAN´T GET USED TO LIVING IN SUCH A NOISY STREET (NO ME ACOSTUMBRO A VIVIR EN UNA CALLE TAN RUIDOSA) I GOT USED TO LIVING IN SUCH A NOISY STREET. (ME ACOSTUMBRÉ A VIVIR EN UNA CALLE TAN RUIDOSA)