Genome Sequence & Gene Expression Chromatin & Nuclear Organization Chromosome Inheritance & Genome Stability

roles of DNA sequences, epigenetics, proteins, RNA/RNAi impact on functions, eg cis regulation of expression replication & chromatin assembly packaging chromatin modifications organization of chromosomes & proteins in nucleus “….not all types of elements, such as centromeres, telomeres, and other yet-to-be defined elements, will be surveyed in the pilot project.”

‘active’ or ‘open’ chromatin‘silent’ chromatin methylation acetylation phosphorylation SUMOylation ubiquitination mono, di, tri… The ‘Histone Code’ Hypothesis D. Allis T. Jenuwein

Histone Variants CENP-A - centromere-specific H3-like protein H2AX - DNA repair H3.3 - gene expression replication independent deposition

What is Known about the Distribution of Histone Modifications and Variants in Flies ? The histone modification pattern of active genes revealed through genome-wide chromatin analysis of a higher eukaryote Dirk Schübeler, David M. MacAlpine, David Scalzo, Christiane Wirbelauer, Charles Kooperberg, Fred van Leeuwen, Daniel E. Gottschling, Laura P. O’Neill, Bryan M. Turner,Jeffrey Delrow, Stephen P. Bell, and Mark Groudine GENES & DEVELOPMENT 18:1263–

ChIP with antibodies recognizing modifications gene array (40% of genes), 2L tiling array not genome wide, no heterochromatin, no intergenic analyzed limited number of modifications more complex patterns emerge when more regions, modifications, and functions are assayed expression levels correlated with degree of modification H3 & H4 AcH3 Lys4 MeH3 Lys79 Me active inactive

Blocks of H3 and CENP-A Nucleosomes are Interspersed in CEN Chromatin extended chromatin fibers CENP-A H3 MERGEMERGE Mb human and fly H1 H4

CEN, EUCH, and HET Contain Distinct Modifications distinct from ‘classical’ Euchromatin & Heterochromatin

What are the distributions of histone modifications and variants ? epigenomic ‘landscape’ including repeats, intergenic regions Genome-wide analysis of chromatin structure & function transcription factor binding sites and CRMs, hypersens. sites expression domain regulators (PREs) heterochromatin - genes and repeats chromosome elements - CENs, TELs, replication origins/timing DNA repair non-protein-coding / micro RNAs How do these ‘landscapes’ correlate with gene expression & chromosome functions ? How do ‘landscapes’ differ among tissues/stages/cells ? NOT like genome sequence - there is no real baseline Are there other ‘islands’ of distinct modification patterns ? Are patterns evolutionarily conserved, even if sequences are not ?

ChIP with modification/variant specific antibodies isolate nuclei/chromatin (cross-link ?) (reverse cross-links ?) purify IP’d DNA (random amplification ?) label DNA, probe arrays data analysis and correlation with functions sonicate or micrococcal (to mononucleosomes)

Requirements Genome tiling arrays - including heterochromatin melanogaster - Affymetrix, NimbleGen ?, others ? other fly species - ????? ChIP-grade antibodies to histone modifications and variants most commercially available, but costly want widest spectrum to reveal combinatorial patterns Data generation and array analysis use existing tools Database integration for correlating chromatin with functions how to standardize results from different platforms ? different tissues/stages ?

knowledge of biology & tools extensive collection of gene disruptions-assay how patterns change P elements, defined deletions, and other mutations genome-wide RNAi screens, tilling robust functional assays in the organism & cells from sequence to chromatin to chromosomes to… gene expression chromosome packaging nuclear organization chromosome replication & segregation ready access to different dev. stages/tissues, cell culture ready access to multiple layers of unique data sets, for integration cis-reg. data, heterochromatin sequence / annotation, etc. small genome size can get ‘whole’ genome on a single array availablility of sequence from close and distant species Why Flies ??

Are Centromeres Heterochromatic? ‘Histone code’ defines different CEN-region functional domains?? Mbmany many Mbs flies & humans Interspersed H3 different from flanking heterochromatin? ??? pombe Interspersed H3 like flanking heterochromatin?

H2A K119 monoubiquitin - PcG binding, X inactivation H3 K27 methylation- PcG binding, domain-wide repression

H3 diMeK9 (heterochromatin) +- H3 CENP-A Human and fly H3 diMeK4 (euchromatin) -+ Sullivan & Karpen, 2004 CENs are not Modified Like Heterochromatin