The Effects of Frequency Step Variation on H1 Range Observations with the SRT of the Sun in Transit. Robert Keeney James McClinton Renee Saucedo Radio Astronomy ST 562

Question: How will varying the frequency steps effect the data quality received from the SRT while observing a given source?

Step Frequency Graphic 0.04 MHz step – 0.02 MHz either side of centerline frequency 25 total steps MHz MHz MHz MHz MHz

Step Frequency Chart MHz Step Values Frequency Range – – – – –

Purpose: To determine how the frequency graphs and the generated images of the source produced by the software are effected by varying the frequency step setting. To find if there is an optimum step setting. To determine the limits and constraints of the equipment and software.

Independent Variable: Frequency Step Value Dependent Variables: Frequency vs. Intensity Graph Resolution and Distribution Generated Images

Constants: Time of Observation Source Software, Equipment, and Location Center Frequency Number of Steps on Either Side of the Center Frequency Number of Scan Points Interference SourcesControl: Default of 0.04 MHz to be taken every other reading.

Procedure: 1.Use an offset setting of 12 ° azimuth and 3° elevation, centerline frequency of MHz and 25 channels throughout the procedure. 2.At 11:30 am on Monday, 19 July 04, take a baseline scan of the sun using the default settings. (Centerline frequency MHz, 25 channels, step setting 0.04 MHz.) 3.Perform subsequent scans varying only the frequency step settings to 0.005, 0.01, 0.02, 0.08, 0.16, and 0.32 MHz, with a baseline scan (0.04 MHz) in between each. 4.After each scan, take a screen snapshot of the generated image and accompanying graphs, as well as a screen capture of the frequency vs. intensity graph.

Results: Baseline Step 0.005Step 0.01Step 0.02 Step 0.04Step 0.08Step 0.16

Step 0.005

Step 0.01

Step 0.02

Step 0.04

Step 0.08

Step 0.16

Baseline Step 0.04

Generated Images BaselineStep Step 0.01Step 0.02Step 0.04 Step 0.08Step 0.16Step 0.32

Step Step 0.32

Radio Astronomy Lesson Plan Measuring the Wavelengths, Frequencies, and Energies of Laser Light by Diffraction Patterns

Objectives: Students will calculate the wavelength, frequency, and energy level of two separate laser beams by measurements taken from diffraction patterns. Students will demonstrate an understanding of the relationships among wavelength, frequency and energy level of electromagnetic radiation. Students will apply algebraic and trigonometric properties to investigate methods of calculating the wavelength of light from a given diffraction setup.

Prior Knowledge: Students will be expected to: understand that light exhibits wavelike properties. be familiar with the concepts of single and double slit diffraction, and interference patterns. be able to solve for a given variable in an equation and determine an unknown angle using trigonometric ratios.

Materials: Two lasers of different wavelengths Several diffraction gratings with different slit widths Stands Rulers and meter sticks Wall or screen on which to project patterns Long (pointy) stick to jab students with if they mess around with the lasers.

Procedure: A lecture with a demonstration of a diffraction pattern setup to include the following: Discussion on the significance of the terms of the equation: Relate the quantities of wavelength and frequency through the equation: Relate frequency to energy by the equation: Where h is Plank’s Constant (h=6.63x Js )

Diffraction Setup Diffracted Light Beams Diffraction Grating Projection Screen Laser

Diffraction Grating Diffraction Pattern Diagram Students will be tasked to derive the relationship by use and understanding of this diagram. (and sharp, pointy stick persuasion if necessary)

Student Tasks: Students will be broken into groups of two or three. With the previous information, the groups will then be tasked to develop a method to determine the wavelength, and thus the frequencies and energy levels of each laser, using a meter stick and calculator. The above will be repeated for two additional diffraction gratings of different widths. They will additionally need to describe their method(s) in written form and record their results. Once groups are finished, the compiled data will be presented to the class and the results compared to published data. Teacher will monitor location of sharp pointy stick to assure it does not fall into the wrong hands.

9 th – 12 th grade Math Standards Strand: ALGEBRA, FUNCTIONS, AND GRAPHS Standard: Students will understand algebraic concepts and applications. Benchmark: Represent and analyze mathematical situations and structures using algebraic symbols. Performance Standards –Simplify numerical expressions using the order of operations, including exponents. –Evaluate the numerical value of expressions of one or more variables that are polynomial –Know, explain, and use equivalent representations for algebraic expressions. –Solve formulas for specified variables Benchmark: Understand patterns, relations, functions, and graphs. Performance Standards –Identify the independent and dependent variables from an application problem.

9 th – 12 th grade Math Standards Strand: ALGEBRA, FUNCTIONS, AND GRAPHS Standard: Students will understand algebraic concepts and applications. Benchmark: Use mathematical models to represent and understand quantitative relationships. Performance Standards –Use a variety of computational methods (e.g., mental arithmetic, paper and pencil, technological tools). –Generate an algebraic sentence to model real-life situations. Benchmark: Analyze changes in various contexts. Performance Standards –Analyze the effects of parameter changes on these functions: –Solve routine two- and three-step problems relating to change using concepts such as ratio proportion.

9 th – 12 th grade Math Standards Strand: GEOMETRY AND TRIGONOMETRY Standard: Students will understand geometric concepts and applications. Benchmark: Analyze characteristics and properties of two- and three- dimensional geometric shapes and develop mathematical arguments about geometric relationships. Benchmark: Use visualization, spatial reasoning, and geometric modeling to solve problems. Performance Standards –Solve real-world problems using congruence and similarity relationships of triangles –Understand and use elementary relationships of basic trigonometric functions defined by the angles of a right triangle Guidance / Topics for Further Study –Trigonometry allows a student to consider periodic functions. –Students will be able to solve trigonometric equations –Students will be able to apply trigonometric functions to solve physical problems

9 th – 12 th grade Math Standards Strand: DATA ANALYSIS AND PROBABILITY Standard: Students will understand how to formulate questions, analyze data, and determine probabilities. Benchmark: Formulate questions that can be addressed with data and collect, organize, and display relevant data to answer them. Performance Standards –Know the characteristics of a well-designed and well-conducted experiment. –Recognize sources of bias in poorly designed experiments –Understand the role of randomization in well-designed surveys and experiments. Benchmark: Select & use appropriate statistical methods to analyze data. Performance Standards –Understand the meaning of measurement data and categorical data, and of the term “variable.” –For bivariate data, be able to display a scatter plot and describe its shape. –Describe and interpret the relationship/correlation between two variables using technological tools

9 th – 12 th grade Science Standards Strand I: SCIENTIFIC THINKING AND PRACTICE Standard I: Understand the processes of scientific investigations and use inquiry and scientific ways of observing, experimenting, predicting, and validating to think critically. Benchmark I: Use accepted scientific methods to collect, analyze, and interpret data and observations and to design and conduct scientific investigations and communicate results. Performance Standards –Describe the essential components of an investigation. –Design and conduct scientific investigations. –Use appropriate technologies to collect, analyze, and communicate scientific data. –Convey results of investigations using scientific concepts, methodologies, and expressions, including: scientific language and symbols, diagrams, charts, and other data displays mathematical expressions and processes, clear, logical, and concise communication reasoned arguments. –Understand how scientific theories are used to explain and predict natural phenomena.

9 th – 12 th grade Science Standards Strand I: SCIENTIFIC THINKING AND PRACTICE Standard I: Understand the processes of scientific investigations and use inquiry and scientific ways of observing, experimenting, predicting, and validating to think critically. Benchmark III: Use mathematical concepts, principles, and expressions to analyze data, develop models, understand patterns and relationships, evaluate findings, and draw conclusions. Performance Standards –Create multiple displays of data to analyze and explain the relationships in scientific investigations. –Use mathematical models to describe, explain, and predict natural phenomena. –Use technologies to quantify relationships in scientific hypotheses (e.g., calculators, computer spreadsheets and databases, graphing software, simulations, modeling). –Identify and apply measurement techniques and consider possible effects of measurement errors. –Use mathematics to express and establish scientific relationships.

9 th – 12 th grade Science Standards Strand II: THE CONTENT OF SCIENCE Standard I (PHYSICAL SCIENCE): Understand the structure and properties of matter, the characteristics of energy, and the interactions between matter and energy. Benchmark II: Understand the transformation and transmission of energy and how energy and matter interact. Performance Standards Interactions of Energy and Matter –Understand that electromagnetic waves carry energy that can be transferred when they interact with matter. –Describe the characteristics of electromagnetic waves, including: origin and potential hazards of various forms of electromagnetic radiation energy of electromagnetic waves carried in discrete energy packets (photons) whose energy is inversely proportional to wavelength. –Know that each kind of atom or molecule can gain or lose energy only in discrete amounts. –Explain how wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation can be used to identify atoms, molecules, and the composition of stars.

9 th – 12 th grade Science Standards Strand II: THE CONTENT OF SCIENCE Standard I: (PHYSICAL SCIENCE): Understand the structure and properties of matter, the characteristics of energy, and the interactions between matter and energy. Benchmark III: Understand the motion of objects and waves, and the forces that cause them. Performance Standards: Motion –Describe wave propagation using amplitude, wavelength, frequency, and speed. –Explain how the interactions of waves can result in interference, reflection, and refraction. –Describe how waves are used for practical purposes (e.g., seismic data, acoustic effects, Doppler effect).