3 Limiting factors -light -temperature -CO 2 At first as CO 2 increases so does photosynthesis but only up to a certain point Here light or temperature is the limiting factor. Carbon dioxide + Water Glucose + Oxygen Used in lungs O 2 diffuses into the blood and CO 2 diffuses into lungs Plant Nutrients Nitrates from the soil- contain nitrogen to make proteins Keywords:, cell membrane,Chloroplast, Vacuole, Cell wall, Nucleus, Ribosome, mitochondria Limiting factor, chlorophyll, epidermal, mesophyll, palisade, specialised cell, nitrates, cellulose, starch, diffusion, glucose, algae COPS Uses of glucose ( as well as respiration) Light and chlorophyll are also needed PLANT TISSUES Waxy epidermal layer is waterproof Palisade layer-cells contain lots of chloroplasts to capture light- most photosynthesis Stomata on lower surface to allow gases in/out Mesophyll – middle bit of the leaf where photosynthesis happens Protein Starch Oils and fats Cellulose N Animal Cell Plant CellYeast Cell Cell wall Bacterial Cell No nucleus Sperm cell Egg cell Root hair cell Red blood cell Nerve cell White blood cell What adaptations do these cells have for their jobs? Plant organs Plants and algae do photosynthesis Algae

Mitosis-used for normal cell growth 1) Parent cell 2) Chromosomes make identical copies of themselves 3)They line up along the centre 4) They move apart 5)Two daughter cells form each with 46 chromosomes, ie identical to the parent cell Inheritance- Parents who are both carriers of the Cystic fibrosis allele (c). ParentsCc x Cc GametesC or c x C or c (egg/sperm) C c Possible Outcomes C 75% Normal c 25% sufferers Cystic Fibrosis Caused by recessive allele (so two copies of allele are needed). A thick sticky mucus is produced affecting air passages and digestive systems 1) Enzymes –biological catalysts that speed up reactions e.g. respiration in the mitochondria Reactions in the cytoplasm 1) Enzyme and substrate 2)Substrate binds to active site 3) Substrate is broken down Uses of Enzymes -Biological washing powders -In baby foods -In slimming foods- fructose is made using isomerases. Fructose is sweeter than glucose so less is needed. 2)3) Enzymes and digestion Large molecules are broken down so they can be absorbed. -Amylase breaks down starch into sugars in the mouth and small intestine. -Proteases breakdown proteins into amino acids in the stomach and small intestine. -Lipases breakdown fats into fatty acids and glycerol in the small intestine. Starchglucose Meiosis – used to make the sex cells (gametes) -the chromosomes are copied -cell divides twice to give four cells - The cells have half the usual number of chromosomes CCCc cc 46=chromosomes in normal cell 23=chromosomes in sex cells A cell nucleus contains 46 (23 pairs) of Chromosomes, which carry genes. Different versions of genes are called alleles. Polydactyly: An inherited disorder where the person has more than the usual number of toes Fossils: Evidence of past species, some of which are now extinct, or have evolved through natural selection into different species (speciation) Meiosis, mitosis, gene, chromosome, stem cells, genotype, phenotype, homozygous, heterozygous, monohybrid, polydactyly Distribution of organisms- sample with quadrats randomly or on a transect Mendel’s peas