Chapter B2 Lesson 1 Ecosystems p. B28

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS WHAT ARE THE PARTS OF AN ECOSYSTEM? HOW DOES THE ENVIRONMENT AFFECT LIVING ORGANISMS IN AN ECOSYSTEM?

ECOSYSTEMS AN INDIVIDUAL IS A SINGLE ORGANISM IN AN ENVIRONMENT. INDIVIDUALS OF THE SAME KIND LIVING IN THE SAME ENVIRONMENT MAKE UP A POPULATION. ALL THE POPULATIONS OF ORGANISMS LIVING TOGETHER IN AN ENVIRONMENT MAKE UP A COMMUNITY.

TOGETHER, A COMMUNITY AND ITS PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT MAKE UP AN ECOSYSTEM. A HABITAT IS THE PLACE WHERE THE POPULATION LIVES IN THE ENVIRONMENT. A NICHE IS A CERTAIN ROLE THAT EACH POPULATION HAS IN THE ENVIRONMENT.

LIMITING FACTORS AFFECT THE POPULATION DENSITY. POPULATION DENSITY IS THE NUMBER OF A POPULATION THAT THE ENVIRONMENT CAN SUPPORT. LIMITING FACTORS INCLUDE: FOOD; WATER; SHELTER; TEMPERATURE; ETC. INTERDEPENDENT: ALL POPULATIONS IN AN ENVIRONMENT DEPEND ON EACH OTHER FOR SURVIVAL.

HOMEWORK COMPLETE LESSON 1 ON THE GRAPHIC ORGANIZER. COMPLETE THE LESSON REVIEW ON P. B31

Chapter B2 Lesson 2 How Energy is Transferred in an Ecosystem p. B34

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS HOW DO LIVING THINGS GET THE ENERGY THEY NEED? WHY IS ENERGY LOST IN THE TRANSFER BETWEEN ORGANISMS?

HOW ENERGY IS TRANSFERRED IN AN ECOSYSTEM A PRODUCER IS AN ORGANISM THAT PRODUCES ITS OWN FOOD. – PLANTS ARE PRODUCERS. A CONSUMER IS AN ORGANISM THAT EATS PRODUCERS OR OTHER CONSUMERS. A DECOMPOSER IS A SPECIAL TYPE OF CONSUMER. THEY BREAK DOWN THE TISSUES OF DEAD ORGANISMS AND RETURN NUTRIENTS TO THE SOIL.

A FOOD CHAIN SHOWS THE LINEAR PATH OF ENERGY THROUGH A COMMUNITY. ALL ENERGY ON THE PLANET ORIGINATES WITH THE SUN. A PRODUCER IS ALWAYS THE FIRST LINK IN A FOOD CHAIN.

CONSUMERS A PRIMARY CONSUMER (OR HERBIVORE) EATS THE PRODUCERS. IT IS ALWAYS THE SECOND LINK IN THE FOOD CHAIN. SECONDARY CONSUMERS (OR CARNIVORES) EAT THE PRIMARY CONSUMERS. THEY ARE ALWAYS THE THIRD LINK IN THE FOOD CHAIN. TERTIARY CONSUMERS (CARNIVORES) EAT THE SECONDARY CONSUMERS…AND SO ON.

A FOOD WEB SHOWS HOW ALL OF THE FOOD CHAINS ARE INTERCONNECTED IN A SINGLE ECOSYSTEM. AN ENERGY PYRAMID SHOWS THE AMOUNT OF ENERGY AVAILABLE TO PASS FROM ONE LEVEL OF A FOOD CHAIN TO THE NEXT. (P. B38) ONLY ABOUT 10% OF THE ENERGY AT ANY LEVEL OF A FOOD CHAIN IS PASSED ON TO THE NEXT HIGHER LEVEL.

HOMEWORK COMPLETE LESSON 2 ON THE GRAPHIC ORGANIZER. COMPLETE THE LESSON REVIEW ON P. B39.

Chapter B2 Lesson 3 Ways in Which Organisms Compete p. B42

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS HOW DO ORGANISMS COMPETE FOR AND SHARE RESOURCES? WHAT IS SYMBIOSIS? HOW DO INSTINCTS AND LEARNED BEHAVIORS HELP ANIMALS SURVIVE?

WAYS IN WHICH ORGANISMS COMPETE BECAUSE MOST ECOSYSTEMS HAVE LIMITED RESOURCES, THERE MAY BE COMPETITION. ALL ORGANISMS IN A COMMUNITY COMPETE IN SOME WAY FOR RESOURCES. CAMOUFLAGE AND SPEED CAN HELP AN ORGANISM SNEAK UP ON PREY.

RELATIONSHIPS ONE TYPE OF RELATIONSHIP IN AN ECOSYSTEM IS A PREDATION (PREDATOR/PREY) RELATIONSHIP. IN SOME COMMUNITIES, ANIMALS LIVE TOGETHER AND SHARE RESOURCES. IN AFRICAN PLAINS, GIRAFFES EAT FROM THE HIGHER BRANCHES OF TREES, ANTELOPES EAT FROM THE MIDDLE BRANCHES, AND RHINOS EAT FROM THE LOWER BRANCHES.

A LONG TERM RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DIFFERENT TYPES OF ORGANISMS IS CALLED SYMBIOSIS. THERE ARE THREE TYPES OF SYMBIOSIS. MUTUALISM: BOTH ORGANISMS BENEFIT – CLOWN FISH AND SEA ANEMONES – CLEANER FISH AND SHARKS – FLOWERS AND BEES

COMMENSALISM: ONE ORGANISM BENEFITS/THE OTHER DOES NOT. – WRENS AND OSPREY PARASITISM: ONE ORGANISM BENEFITS/ONE IS HARMED. – TAPEWORM AND COW – TICK AND DOG

INSTINCTS AND LEARNED BEHAVIORS INSTINCT: A BEHAVIOR THAT IS INHERITED. – NEST BUILDING – MIGRATION – SPINNING A WEB LEARNED BEHAVIOR: A BEHAVIOR THAT MUST BE LEARNED. – HUNTING SKILLS – ADAPTING TO CHANGES IN HABITAT

HOMEWORK COMPLETE GRAPHIC ORGANIZER FOR LESSON 3. COMPLETE LESSON REVIEW ON P. B47.

Chapter B2 Lesson 4 Extinction and Its Causes p. B50

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS HOW DO CHANGES IN THE ENVIRONMENT LEAD TO THE DECLINE OR EXTINCTION OF POPULATIONS? HOW CAN HUMANS HELP ENDANGERED POPULATIONS?

EXTINCTION AND ITS CAUSES EXOTIC ORGANISMS ARE NONNATIVE TO AN AREA. IMPORTING EXOTIC ORGANISMS CAN EXPOSE NATIVE ORGANISMS TO DEADLY DISEASES. HUNTING HAS LEAD TO DECLINES IN THE POPULATIONS OF BISON, ALLIGATORS, AND WOLVES IN THE UNITED STATES

REDUCING HABITATS BY BUILDING NEW ROADS, HOMES, AND BUSINESSES ALSO CAUSE DECLINES IN MANY POPULATIONS. NATURAL EVENTS, SUCH AS FLOODS, FIRES, OR DROUGHTS, CAN CAUSE POPULATIONS TO DECLINE.

MOST NATURAL CHANGES ARE TEMPORARY, AND HEALTHY POPULATIONS USUALLY SURVIVE. THIS IS OFTEN NOT THE CASE WITH CHANGES CAUSED BY HUMAN ACTIVITY. EXTINCTION OCCURS AFTER THE LAST INDIVIDUAL IN A POPULATION DIES.

HABITAT DESTRUCTION CAUSES THE RATE OF EXTINCTION TO BE ABOUT 1,000 TIMES FASTER THAN NORMAL. ENDANGERED ORGANISMS HAVE POPULATIONS SO SMALL THAT THEY ARE LIKELY TO BECOME EXTINCT IF IMMEDIATE STEPS TO SAVE THEM AREN’T TAKEN.

THREATENED ORGANISMS ARE LIKELY TO BECOME ENDANGERED IF THEY ARE NOT PROTECTED. HUMAN ACTION CAN ALSO HELP TO RESTORE ENDANGERED SPECIES POPULATIONS.

FROM THE 1940’s TO THE 1970’s PEOPLE USED A POISON CALLED DDT TO KILL INSECTS. THIS POISON WEAKENED THE SHELLS OF BALD EAGLES, CAUSING THEM TO BECOME ENDANGERED. THE USE OF DDT WAS MADE ILLEAGAL IN 1972, AND WORK WAS DONE TO SAVE AND IMPROVE THE HABITATS OF BALD EAGLES.

BALD EAGLES ARE NO LONGER ENDANGERED, THEY ARE NOW ON THE THREATENED LIST. HUMANS HAVE IMPROVED THE ODDS FOR OTHER ANIMALS: – PEREGRINE FALCON – CALIFORNIA CONDOR

HOMEWORK COMPLETE GRAPHIC ORGANIZER FOR LESSON 4. COMPLETE LESSON REVIEW ON P. B53.