11/04/2017 AQA Biology Unit 1 This PowerPoint supports sections B1.4, B1.5, B1.6, B1.7 and B1.8 of the 2011 AQA Biology Unit 1 module W Richards

Adaptation 11/04/2017 Organisms are ADAPTED to the habitat they live in. In other words, they have special features that help them to survive. Some examples:

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Deep sea volcanic vents Extreme environments 11/04/2017 Mountains Deep sea volcanic vents The Arctic

Competition 11/04/2017 Any living species competes with each other. They may compete for: Get off my land - Living space - Food - Water In addition to this competition, the population of a species can be affected by predators, disease, migration etc Yum!

Sabre-toothed tigers and mammoths Extinct Species 11/04/2017 Sabre-toothed tigers and mammoths What factors have caused these species to become extinct? Dodo

Endangered Species 11/04/2017 What factors have caused these species to become endangered?

Pollution Indicators Lichens can be used as air pollution indicators: 11/04/2017 Lichens in very clean air Lichens can be used as air pollution indicators: Lichens in clean air Lichens in slightly dirty air

Pollution Indicators 11/04/2017 In dirty water leeches and midges will survive The quality of water can be monitored by looking at the species of insect in the water: In average water more species (like the dragonfly and cranefly) will survive In clean water a lot more species (like the mayfly and caddisfly) will survive

Measuring Environmental Changes 11/04/2017 Recording temperature changes Recording oxygen levels Measuring rainfall

Biomass 11/04/2017 Plants use glucose from photosynthesis to produce starch and cellulose. This plant material is called “biomass”:

Food chains 11/04/2017 A food chain shows where the biomass or energy goes in a food chain (in other words, “what gets eaten by what”): Rabbit Cabbage Fox Stoat The arrows indicate where the energy is going Plants convert the sun’s energy into food through photosynthesis

Pyramids of biomass 11/04/2017 In this food chain we can see that the mass of organisms in each stage is less than in the previous stage: Cabbage Rabbit Stoat Fox We can draw a “Pyramid of Biomass” to show this pattern: Mass of foxes Mass of stoats Mass of rabbits Mass of cabbages

Energy flow in a food chain 11/04/2017 Consider the energy flow in this food chain: 100% 10% 1% 0.1% Cabbage Rabbit Stoat Fox Clearly, not all of the ___’s energy that becomes stored in the _______ will end up in the fox. Only around ______ is passed on to the next stage in each food chain. Energy is lost to the surroundings at each stage because of a number of reasons: Each organism has to ____, keep warm etc Energy is lost through faeces (______) Words – 10%, move, sun, waste, cabbage

Recycling ourselves Eating Waste Death Absorption Broken down 11/04/2017 Eating Waste Death Absorption Broken down Microbes are the key to this – they break down waste and dead bodies so that the products can be used by plants for growth. Microbes work best in warm, moist conditions where there is plenty of oxygen.

The Carbon Cycle CO2 in air 11/04/2017 2. Plants and algae release CO2 through respiration Burning fossil fuels also releases CO2 CO2 in air 1. CO2 is taken in by plants and algae for photosynthesis and turned into carbohydrates, fats and proteins 6. These microbes also release CO2 through respiration 4. Animals release CO2 through respiration 5. Animals (and plants) die and their remains are fed on by microbes and detritus feeders 3. The carbon taken in by plants is then eaten by animals and the animals that eat them

Variation 11/04/2017 “Variation” is the name given to differences between individuals of the SAME species. Variation is due to GENETIC or ENVIRONMENTAL causes. For example, consider dogs: Ways in which they are the same: Ways in which they are different:

Sexual Reproduction 11/04/2017 The human egg and sperm cell contain 23 chromosomes each. When fertilisation happens the egg and sperm fuse together to make a single cell. This cell has 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) and continues to grow.

Genes, Chromosomes and DNA 11/04/2017

An example - Boy or Girl? 11/04/2017 X X Y XX XY Girl Boy

Boy or Girl? 11/04/2017 Mother Son Daughter Father

Sexual vs. Asexual reproduction 11/04/2017 Sexual reproduction: 2 parents are needed Offspring will have “pairs” of chromosomes This will cause genetic variation Asexual reproduction: Only 1 parent needed Offspring are GENETICALLY IDENTICAL to parent (“clones”) “Snuppy” – the first cloned dog (Aug 05)

Words – clones, damp, independent, roots, identical Cloning Plants 11/04/2017 Plants can reproduce ASEXUALLY. The offspring are genetically ________ to the parent plant and are called _________. Two examples: 1) This spider plant has grown a rooting side branch (“stolon”) which will eventually become __________. 2) A gardener has taken cuttings of this plant (which probably has good characteristics) and is growing them in a ____ atmosphere until the ____ develop. Words – clones, damp, independent, roots, identical

Cloning Plants by tissue culture 11/04/2017 1) Scrape off a few cells from the desired plant 2) Place the scrapings in hormones and nutrients 3) 2 weeks later you should have lots of genetically identical plants

Cloning Animals Method 1 – “Embryo transplants” 11/04/2017 Method 1 – “Embryo transplants” A developing embryo is “split” before the cells specialise and the identical embryos are implanted into host mothers.

Cloning Animals 11/04/2017 Method 2 - Fusion Host mother Clone

Uses of Genetic Engineering 11/04/2017 With genetic engineering I can produce milk that contains: Extra protein Lower levels of cholesterol Human antibodies Genetic engineering can also be used to grow bigger crop yields and to develop plants that are resistant to pesticides and herbicides.

Genetic engineering - Insulin 11/04/2017 Step 1: Using enzymes “cut out” the part of the human chromosome that is responsible for producing insulin. Step 2: Using another enzyme cut open a ring of bacterial DNA. Other enzymes are then used to insert the piece of human DNA into it. Step 3: Place it into a bacterium which will start to divide rapidly. As it divides it will replicate and make millions of them, each with the instruction to produce insulin. Commercial quantities of insulin can then be produced.

Should genetic engineering 11/04/2017 Yes No Should genetic engineering be allowed?

Evolution 11/04/2017 Evolution is the theory of slow, continual change of organisms over a very long time. All living things on the Earth have supposedly developed from the first simple life forms that arrived 3,000,000,000 years ago. Charles Darwin (1809-1882)

The “Evolution Tree” Family Hylobatidae (Lesser Apes) 11/04/2017 Family Hylobatidae (Lesser Apes) Family Hominidae (Great Apes) Subfamily Ponginae Subfamily Hominidae Tribe Panini Tribe Homini Tribe Gorillini Gibbons Orangutans Chimpanzees Gorillas Humans

Evidence for Evolution 11/04/2017 The Grand Canyon Fossil records Humans with tails “Missing links”

Evolution 11/04/2017 The main evidence for my theory came from fossil records. However, these records didn’t exist when I came up with my theory. Also, there was little evidence about how species evolved so few people believed my ideas. These days scientists understand that the process that causes evolution is called “Natural selection” and it works like this:

Natural Selection 1) Each species shows variation: 11/04/2017 1) Each species shows variation: There is competition within each species for food, living space, water, mates etc Get off my land The “better adapted” members of these species are more likely to survive – “Survival of the Fittest” Gutted! Yum These survivors will pass on their better genes to their offspring who will also show this beneficial variation.

An example – the peppered moth 11/04/2017 An example – the peppered moth

Jean Baptiste Lamarck (1744 - 1829 Darwin vs Lamarck 11/04/2017 Darwin wasn’t the first to come up with evolution – he was simply the one credited with explaining how it worked (i.e. Natural Selection). An earlier scientist called Lamarck explained evolution by different means: Jean Baptiste Lamarck (1744 - 1829 The giraffe has a long neck because it “stretches” its neck to reach the food, and these long necks are passed on to their offspring. Organs which aren’t used will eventually disappear.

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